Lifeampnbspinampnbsptheampnbspfuture（ReferenceampnbspforampnbspTeaching）

　　reference for teaching
　　i．异域风情
　　l.american teenagers
　　there are more than 35 million ameri-cans between the ages of 13 and 19．they are the nations teenagers．they express them-selves with their own music．clothes and lan-guage．they have the emotions of a child in the body of an adult．they want to be free and independent，yet they also want to be taken care of．many teenagers disagree with their parents about how much freedom they should have．some disobey their parents．they say their parents do not understand them．
　　the new york times newspaper says 1956 was the year of the teenager．that was when the world teenage was first used to identify the culture of young ameri-cans．in the 1950s，teenagers began rebelling against adults．teenagers did not want to be
　　like their parents．they wanted to listen to their own music，rock-and-roll．they wanted to wear different kind of clothes．they wanted to use different expressions to com-municate with each other．
　　many movies showed this rebelling by teenagers．one of the most famous was reb—el without a cause．it stared james dean as a trouble teenager．one popular play showed teenagers in a funny way．it was called bye bye birdle．this music was produced on broadway in new york in 1960．later it was made into a movie．bye bye birdle tells what happens to an american family when a famous rock-and-roll singer visits their town．the father of the family does not understand teenagers．
　　today american teenagers spent a lot of money buying records，clothes and electronic devices．they also spend a lot on entertain-ment．last year teenagers spent almost 100 thousand million dollars．the new york times says that was more than their par-ents spent on those things．where do ameri-can teenagers get all this money?many of them have part-time jobs．some take care of children．others work at fast food restau-rants．they earn about 4 dollars an hour．
　　many teenagers do not have jobs．instead,they receive money from their parents．they
　　might get as much as 20 dollars a week．they are permitted to spend this any way they choose．
　　the lives of most american teenagers today are organized around the experience of high school．students usually begin with school at the age of 13 or 14．some leave at the age of 16．but most complete the 4-year high school program．they do not get their first full-time job or begin university studies until they are 17 or 18 years old．
　　the high school day is about 7 hours long．the day is pided into classes of about 50 minutes．the students have a meal in the middle of the day．american teenagers study english，history，mathematics，science．art and languages．some also learn job skills．they might learn how to use a computer or how to fix a car．other students might learn by working in an office，a hospital or other places one day a week．
　　2．taxes in america
　　americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life：death and taxes．many people feel that the united states has the worst taxes in the world．
　　taxes are the money that people pay to support their government．there are general-ly three levels of government in america：fed-eral，state and city；therefore，there are three types of taxes．
　　salaried people who earn more than four of five thousand per year must pay a certain part of their salaries to the federal govern-ment．the percentage varies for different peo-ple．it depends on the salaries．the federal government has a two-level income tax．that is，15 or 28 percent．$17 850 is the cut off．the tax rate is 15 percent below $ 17 850 and 28 percent above．
　　the second tax is for the state govern-ment：new york，california，or any of the other forty-eight states．some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal gov-ernment．of course．the percentage for the state tax is lower．other states have a sales tax，which is a percentage charged on any item which people buy in the state．some states use income tax and sales tax to raise their revenues.
　　the third tax is for the city．this tax comes in two forms：property tax and excise tax，which is collected on vehicles in a city．the cities use this money for education，po-lice，public works，etc．
　　since americans pay such high taxes,they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes．people al-ways complain about taxes．they often say that the government misuses their tax dollars．they all believe that taxes are too high in this country．
　　ⅱ．知识归纳
　　1．remain的用法：
　　(1)保持(某种状态)继续存在，仍旧是(continue in some condition／continue to be)。
　　用作连系动词，后面接形容词、名词、分词和介词短语，本课中出现的即为此用法。
　　e.g．they will remain in contact with us．
　　他们将与我们保持联系。
　　after years of hard work，tom still re-mained a worker．
　　多年的辛劳后，汤姆仍是一名工人。
　　that old man remained full of energy．
　　那位老人还是那么精力充沛。
　　the situation remained unchanged．
　　局势没有什么变化。
　　she remained sitting when they came in．
　　他们进来时，她仍然坐着(没有站起来)。
　　(2)停留，逗留(continue in some place)。用作不及物动词。
　　e.g．please remain here till i return．
　　请留在这儿，等我回来。
　　he seldom remains in his office．
　　他很少呆在办公室里。
　　(3)剩下、遗留(be still present after a part has gone or has been taken away)。用作不及物动词。
　　e.g．if you take 4 from 9,5 remains．
　　九减四剩五。
　　few people remained in the meeting-room．
　　会议室的人所剩无几。
　　当＂剩下、留下＂讲时应注意以下两点：
　　a．可与不定式连用
　　e.g．a lot of work remains to be done in the office．
　　办公室里待做的工作很多。
　　many problems remain to be settled．
　　很多问题尚待解决。
　　b．用现在分词remaining(剩下的、剩余的)作定语。
　　e.g．the old man didn＂t know how to deal with the remaining vegetables．
　　这位老人不知道怎么来处理剩余的蔬菜。
　　the boy ate up the remaining food．
　　这个男孩把剩下的食物全吃了。
　　2．keep的用法小结
　　keep是高考常考词汇之一，其含义丰富，与其搭配的短语也很多，其主要用法如下：
　　(1)用作及物动词
　　①保留、保存、保持、留下(continue to have；have in one＂s possession；not give away)
　　e.g．we＂d better keep a seat for him．
　　我们最好给他留个座位。
　　he kept all the money in the bank．
　　他把所有的钱都存入了银行。
　　will you please keep these keys while i am away?
　　我不在家时，请你给我保管这些钥匙好吗?
　　②履行(诺言)遵守，阻止(observe；pay proper respect to；prevent)
　　e.g．one should keep one＂s promise．
　　一个人应当遵守自己的诺言。
　　everybody must keep the law．
　　人人都必须守法。
　　can＂t you keep your dog from coming into my garden?
　　你能不能看住你的狗，不让它跑到我的花园里来?
　　③赡养，养活，饲养(support；raise)
　　e.g．he has a large family to keep．
　　他有一大家人要养活。
　　the old woman keeps many animals like dogs，pigs and cats．
　　这位老太太养了许多动物，像狗、猪．还有猫等。
　　④经营，管理(manage)
　　e.g．he kept a flower shop in this city．
　　在这座城市里，他开了一家花店。
　　she is good at keeping house．
　　她擅长管理家务。
　　⑤保守(秘密)，记(日记，账)(not tell…；make records of)
　　e.g．can you keep a secret?
　　你能保守秘密吗?
　　the boy keeps a diary every day．
　　这个男孩每天记日记。
　　⑥庆祝(生日、节日)(celebrate)
　　e.g．all of the people keeps spring fes-tival in our country．
　　我国所有的人都庆祝春节。
　　we don＂t keep birthdays in our country-side．
　　我们乡下不过生日。
　　⑦使……处于某种状态(情况)(cause sb．／sth．to remain in a particular state)
　　在这种情况下，keep常跟复合结构(keep+宾语+补语)用作宾语补足语。常见的词有现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词以及介词短语。
　　e.g．he kept me waiting for half an hour．
　　他让我等了半个小时。
　　keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.
　　少说话，多观察。
　　the doctor kept me in for a week．
　　医生让我在家休息一星期。
　　she always keeps her books in good or-der．
　　她总是把书放得整整齐齐。
　　(2)用作不及物动词
　　①保持，继续(处于某种状态)(cause to remain or continue in a particular state)。keep为连系动词。
　　e.g．please keep quiet．
　　请保持安静。
　　we＂re keeping in very good health．
　　我们身体非常好。
　　we kept in during the cold weather．
　　天冷时，我们呆在家。
　　you shouldn＂t keep thinking about it．
　　你不该老是想这事。
　　②(食物)保持良好状态
　　e.g．will this fish keep till tomorrow?
　　这鱼能放到明天吗?
　　(3)keep构成的一些短语
　　keep an eye on注意看守
　　keep(sb．)away(from sth．)(使)离开(某物)
　　keep back忍住(眼泪)；扣下；隐瞒
　　keep sb．from doing sth．阻止某人做某事
　　keep sth．in mind记住(某事物)
　　keep sb．／sth．out(of sth．)不让……人内
　　keep in touch with与……保持联系
　　keep(on)doing sth．继续做某事
　　keep off远离；避开；让开
　　keep up保持(不低落)；继续
　　keep up with跟上；不落在后面
　　keep down控制；镇压；使不吐出
　　3．make的基本用法
　　make是中学英语中，一个常用的动词，它的意义多，用法广，现将其意义和用法归纳
　　如下。
　　(1)制造，做(produce sth．by working)
　　e.g．i＂m going to make a cake for my son．
　　我打算做个生日蛋糕送给儿子。
　　the factory makes shoes．
　　这家工厂制造鞋子。
　　(2)使……成为；使……做……(cause sth．／sb.to be or become)
　　当用作此意时。常接复合宾语(make+宾语+宾补)常用的有以下几种情况。
　　①make+obj．一年n．/adj．
　　e.g．we have made him our monitor．
　　我们推选他为班长。
　　the bad news made us sad．
　　这坏消息使我们悲伤。
　　注意：当宾语是不定式短语或从句时，多用it作形式宾语。
　　e.g．i made it a condition that everybody must be present.
　　我提出条件，人人都要出席。
　　this made it hard for me to control my-self．
　　这使我很难控制我自己。
　　②make+obj．+do sth．
　　e.g．they made me retell the story．
　　他们要我重讲了一遍这个故事。
　　注意：在被动结构中，不定式要带＂to＂。
　　e.g．i was made to retell the story．
　　③make+obj．+υ-ed
　　e.g．the strange noise made the child frightened．
　　奇怪的声音使孩子感到恐惧。
　　通常情况下，make后的宾语是反身代词，作宾补的动词要用过去分词，即make oneself
　　+υ-ed(heard，known，understood．)
　　e.g．he raised his voice in order to make himself heard．
　　他提高嗓门使大家能听见他的声音。
　　will you please make yourself known to us in english?
　　请你用英语给我们作自我介绍，好吗?
　　间或也可由介词短语或从句构成复合宾语。
　　e.g．you have made me what i am．
　　你已使我成了现在的这个样子。
　　he would try to make himself of more important in the business．
　　他将设法使自己在这笔生意中更加举足轻重。
　　(3)＂make+n．＂结构
　　make和表示动作的名词连用，表示动作或活动，该结构的含义实际上相当于该名词同义的动词。
　　e.g．make a promise许诺，答应
　　make progress取得进步
　　make a decision决定
　　make an answer回答
　　make use of利用
　　make an explanation解释
　　make preparations for准备
　　make a study of研究
　　make a plan计划
　　make a suggestion提出建议
　　make a living谋生
　　make a discovery发现
　　(4)有条件成为……，具有……特点(尤其指好的)(have the qualities of，esp some-
　　thing good)
　　e.g．the young man will make an excel-lent singer when he grows up．
　　这个小伙子长大会成为优秀歌唱家。
　　if you work hard，you will make a good doctor．
　　如果你努力学习，你会成为好医生。
　　ⅲ．词语辨析
　　1．other．the other，others，the others，another
　　(1)other＂另外的，其他的。别的＂。作前置定语，修饰单数或复数名词。
　　e.g．other people may not think that way．
　　别的人可能不这么想。
　　i＂1l come again some other day．
　　我改日再来吧。
　　(2)the other表示两者中的＂另一个＂或两部分中的＂另一部分＂，是特指。
　　e.g．i don＂t like this one．show me the other．
　　我不喜欢这个。让我看看另一个。
　　there are seven people in the room．four are girls，the other three are boys．
　　房间里有六个人，四个是女孩，其余的三个是男孩。
　　(3)others作主语或宾语。泛指＂其他人＂或＂其他物＂。
　　e.g．others may object to your idea．
　　别人可能会反对你这个意见。
　　some are singing and dancing；others are climbing the hill．
　　一些人在唱歌跳舞，一些人在爬山。
　　(4)the others作主语或宾语。指整体中除去一部分后．剩余的全部。
　　e.g．four of them are in the classroom．what about the others?
　　他们有四个人在教室里。别的人呢?
　　when he got on the train，he said to the others,＂the boy was right．＂
　　当他再次走上列车时．他对所有的人说＂这男孩是正确的＂。
　　(5)another泛指许多(至少三个)中的任何一个。其名词前不加冠词。
　　e.g．saying js one thing and doing is an-other．
　　说是一回事．做又是一回事。
　　there is another seat．i can sit over there．
　　还有一个座位．我可以坐在那儿。
　　另外，another有时可用作＂再……一＂的意思。
　　e.g．have another cup of coffee，please．
　　再喝一杯咖啡吧。
　　还可与数词连用，表示＂再……个＂。
　　e.g．just think what our country will be like in another ten years．
　　设想一下再过十年我们国家将是什么样子。
　　2．cloth，clothes，clothing
　　(1)cloth是指做衣服等用的材料。如布料、毛料、丝绸等，是物质名词．不可数，一般不能直接与不定冠词或数词连用，一块布料是a piece of cloth．
　　e.g．this piece of cloth is long enough for you to make a coat．
　　这块布够你做一件上衣。
　　注意：cloth指＂具体用途的布＂时，可与冠词连用。
　　e.g．a table cloth一块桌布
　　a dish cloth一块擦碗布
　　也可简称为a cloth
　　clean up the table with a cloth．
　　用块布把桌子擦干净。
　　(2)clothes指具体的衣服，包括上衣、裤子、内衣、外衣等，不能用作单数，不能与不定冠词或数词连用，但可以与物主代词、指示代词、少数不定代词连用。作主语时，谓语用复数形式。
　　e.g．he wears fine clothes．
　　他穿着很讲究。
　　all of her clothes are made by her mother．
　　她的所有的衣服都是她母亲做的。
　　(3)clothing是衣服、服装的总称，是集体名词。只有单数形式，是区别于其他事物的
　　抽象概念。作主语时渭语动词用单数形式,如果要表示一件衣服时，可说an article of clothing或a piece of clothing．但不能用a suit of clothing。
　　e.g．that shop sells children＂s clothing．
　　那家商店卖童装。
　　the orphans are well supplied with food and clothing．
　　孤儿们的衣食供应很充足。
　　3．what．that
　　(1)what作连词．它本身必须是名词性从句中的一个成分．即主语、宾语或表语，这时what具有两个含义：①保留疑问的意义，即＂什么，什么样的＂；②相当于＂the thing(s)
　　which that＂．即＂先行词+定语从句＂的含义．可译成＂所……的(东西或事情)＂。
　　e.g．i wonder what has happened to him．
　　我不知道他出什么事了。
　　the village is not what it used to be．
　　这个村子不是从前那个样子了。
　　(2)that作连词，在名词性从句中不作任何成分，没有具体含义，但也不能省去(除在宾语从句中可以省去)。
　　e.g．the trouble is that he has never done the work before．
　　麻烦在于他以前从未干过这个工作。
　　that the earth turns around the sun is known to all．
　　地球绕着太阳转这一点是众所周知的。
　　all this proves that we are right．
　　这一切都证明我们是对的。
　　(3)在定语从句中,that是关系代词，代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，也就是说关系代词that前必须有先行词；而what在名词性从句中单独作主语、表语和宾语其含义相当于something that，all that或everything that。
　　e.g．that is all(that)i want to tell you．
　　that is what i want to tell you．
　　那就是我想告诉你的。
　　(4)在＂it is(was)+被强调部分+that+其余部分＂强调句中,that本身不作句子成分，无论强调主语、宾语和状语都用that。(强调主语或宾语是＂人＂时,也可用who或whom)
　　e.g．it is from the early 1990s that sci-entists started to develop new techniques．
　　科学家们是20世纪90年代初开始发展新技术的。
　　it is the people,not things that are deci-sive．
　　决定的因素是人而不是物。
　　ⅳ．能力训练
　　1．句型转换(每空一词，句意不变)
　　(1)the book is said to have been trans-lated into english．
　　_______is said________ the book_________translated into english．
　　答案：it；that；has been
　　(2)the reason why he took swiss na-tionality in 1901 is still a question．
　　________he took swiss nationality in 1901________ _________ _________.
　　答案：why；remains a question
　　(3)no matter who breaks the law。he or she will be punished．
　　_________ ________ _________ __________will be punished．
　　答案:whoever breaks the law
　　(4)when and where for them to hold the meeting has not yet been decided．
　　__________ __________ ____________ ___________will hold the meeting has not yet been decided．
　　答案：when and where they
　　(5)it is important that we should make full use of our time．
　　________ __________important________ ___________make full use of our time．
　　答案：it is；for us to
　　2．单句改错
　　(1)what they shall complete the build-ing in three months is impossible．
　　答案：what改为that。因that和what都可用来引导名词性从句，但that不能在从句中作任何成分，也没有词意，而what则要在从句中充当一定成分，而且也有词意。本句is前的主语从句，句意完整，只需要引导主语从句的一个引导词，因而要用that。
　　(2)who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light．
　　答案：who改为whoever。因whoever相当于anyone who．本句anyone执行turn off这个动作。而who引导主语从句，它没有＂无论／不管谁＂这种含义。
　　(3)his dream of being a singer has been come true．
　　答案：去掉been。因为come true意思是＂实现＂，为不及物动词短语，不能用被动语态。
　　(4)she was not a bit frightened；in fact,she was nearly frightened to death．
　　答案：bit改为little。因为not a bit=not at all＂一点也不＂；not a little相当于very＂很,非常＂。由句意可知。她非常害怕，故要用not a little。
　　(5)you＂d better not go out alone in the future．
　　答案：去掉the。因本句意为＂你今后最好不要单独出去＂。in future＂从今以后＂，指说话时开始的全部将来时间；in the future＂将来，未来＂，指将来的某一时间。