Unitampnbsp20ampnbspampnbspampnbspArchaeology教案

　　unit 20 archaeology
　　the first periodteaching aims:1.learn and master the following words:archaeology archaeological archaeologist curiosity decoration spear artefact2.do some listening.3.learn to express curiosity.teaching important points:1.improve the students’ listening ability.2.train the students’ speaking ability by talking about archaeological discoveries and practising expressing curiosity.teaching difficult points:1.how to improve the students’ listening ability.2.how to finish the task of speaking.teaching methods:1.looking at some pictures to arouse the students’ interest in archaeology.2.listening-and-answering activity to help the students go through with the listening material.3.inpidual,pair or group work to make every student work in class.teaching aids:1.the multimedia 2.the blackboardteaching procedures:step ⅰ greetingsgreet the whole class as usual.step ⅱ lead-int：as we all know,china is a country with an ancient civilization.it has a long history and brilliant culture.do you know in what ways we can learn about its history and culture?s1:reading books.s2:watching tv.s3:learning from the teacher in class.s4:surfing the internet.…t:anything else?ss:no.t:we can also go to the museum to visit the unearthed cultural relics,can’t we?ss:yes.t:now,please look at the two pictures on the screen and tell me what you see in the pictures.(teacher shows the screen.)s5:they are:terracotta warriors and horses and inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells.t:you’re right.terracotta warriors and horses is a symbol of the powerful qin dynasty,while inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells are embryonic forms of chinese characters.the great archaeological discoveries play an important part in learning about china.step ⅲ warming upt:today let’s talk about archaeology unit 20 (bb:unit 20 archaeology).before talking,please look at the new words.(teacher deals with the new words with the whole class.)t:ok.now open your books and turn to page 73.look at the four pictures and tell us what you can see in each picture.s6:i can see an axe in the first picture.it is a kind of tool used by people of the stone age.t:right.how about the second one?s7:in the second picture is a bronze tripod,which is an ancient cooking vessel of that period.t:good.the third picture.li ping,try please.s8:this is a painting on silk of the han dynasty.t:yeah.the last one?s9:i think the last picture is a work of china made in the tang dynasty.t:anything else about the last picture?s10:i guess it is made of tri-colored glazed pottery of the tang dynasty.t:well done.we know that the life of people is different during the different periods.now let’s describe the life of people during the periods mentioned above.you can describe it according to the questions on the screen.(teacher shows the following on the screen.)1.what did they eat?2.where did they live?3.what did their homes look like?4.what kind of tools did they use?5.what objects have we found from their age?6.what kind of entertainment did they have?first discuss the questions with your partner,and then complete the chart at page 73.a few minutes later,i’ll collect your answers.is that clear?ss:yes.t:(five minutes later.)are you ready now?(ss:yes.)now,let’s describe the life of people in the stone age together.t and ss:the people of the stone age ate wild fruits and animals.they usually lived in caves.they used bones of animals,fur and pottery to decorate their caves.the tools they used were mainly stones,sticks and bones of animals.they used bones of animals to make necklaces and bone pins.they were able to make jades.the entertainment for them was to shout and dance with rhythm together.t:ok.who’d like to describe the life of people in the bronze age,the han dynasty and the tang dynasty one by one like what we did just now?ss:…t:we know there are many important discoveries from these different periods.please look at the following four pictures.can you tell us where they were unearthed and where we can go and see them?discuss in groups of four.after a few minutes,i’ll ask some students to talk about them.is that clear?ss:yes.(teacher shows the four pictures on the screen.)t:liu qian,talk about the first picture,please.s11:…step ⅳ listeningt:now,let’s do some listening.look at the listening part at page 74.listen to the tape carefully and try to make a drawing of the tool.(teacher plays the tape for the students to listen for the first time.after that,give the students one or two minutes to draw it.if they have some difficulty with it,play the tape again and stop where there are important information related to the drawing.at last,check the drawing with the whole class.)t:good.now,let’s go on with the exercises in listening.please listen to the tape again and then finish ex.2 and 3 in turn.(teacher plays it again and gives the students enough time to write down some important information.finally check the answers with the whole class.after that,let the students discuss ex.4 in groups of four and check them.)step ⅴ speakingt:ok.in our daily life,we often come across the topic that we’re interested in and we’re anxious to get some information about it.in order to get some suggestions from others,how do you express your curiosity?now, look at the screen.these are very useful expressions.you should remember them and use them freely.(teacher shows the following on the screen.)i wonder what/who…i really want to know…i’m curious to…i’d love to know…i wonder if/whether…what i’d really like to find out is…i’m curious about…i’d like to know more about…(teacher goes through the useful expressions with the whole class.)t:now,let’s listen to a dialogue between student a and student b.student a talks about a topic he/she is interested in,while student b gives suggestions.(teacher plays the tape for the students.after that,teacher says the following.)t:well,open your books and turn to page 74.look at speaking.please underline the sentences used to express curiosity.after a while.i’ll ask one of you to read out the sentences.do you understand?ss:yes.t:(after a while)have you finished?(ss:yes.)any volunteer?s12:i’d like to know more about…i wonder what…i’d love to know…what i’d really like to find out is…t:quite right.please practise the dialogue with your partner for a while.after that,i’ll ask some pairs to act out the dialogue before the class.is that clear?ss:yes.(several minutes later,teacher asks some pairs to act out the dialogue before the class.)t:thank your for your excellent performances.step ⅵ practicet:now,let’s do some speaking practice.work in pairs or groups and talk about archaeological finds,such as artefacts,tombs or unearthed towns.you can use the expressions we learnt just now to help you carry out the task of speaking.five minutes later,i’ll ask some pairs to perform their dialogues before the class.step ⅶ summary and homeworkt:in this class,we’ve talked about archaeological discoveries and learnt about the life of people during the different periods.we’ve also done some listening practice and speaking practice.in the speaking part,we’ve mainly learnt to express curiosity using the useful expressions.these expressions are:i wonder what/who…i’m curious to…i wonder if…(teacher writes them on the blackboard.)after class,practise them more.besides,remember to prepare for the next period.ok.that’s all.class is over.step ⅷ the design of the writing on the blackboard
　　unit 20 archaeology
　　the first perioduseful expressions:i wonder what/who…i really want to know…i’m curious to…i’d love to know…i wonder if/whether…what i’d really like to find out is…i’m curious about…i’d like to know more about…step ⅸ record after teaching
　　the second periodteaching aims:1.learn and master the following:(1)words:emperor,pin,find,clay,arrow,bow,cushion,spare,technical(2)phrases:date back to,have a hand in,in terms of,in the eyes of(3)sentence patterns:it is certain that…it is thought that…2.train the students’ reading ability.3.let the students learn about the king of the stonehenge discovered by archaeologists.teaching important points:1.improve the students’ reading ability.2.help the students learn about the king of the stonehenge by reading the passage.teaching difficult point:how to help the students understand the passage exactly.teaching methods:1.discussion before reading to make the students interested in what they will read.2.fast reading and careful reading to understand the passage correctly.3.pair or group work to make every student take an active part in the activities in class.teaching aids:1.the multimedia 2.the blackboardteaching procedures:step ⅰ greetingsgreet the whole class as usual.step ⅱ discussion and lead-int:in the last period,we spoke of terracotta warriors and horses of emperor qin.do you know why emperor qin built it?any volunteer?s1:to continue being emperor.they are also funerary objects.t:you’re right.now,please look at the two questions on the screen.(teacher shows the following on the screen.)1.describe the kinds of objects kings and emperors in china were buried with.2.why were dead kings given these objects after they died?discuss the questions in groups of four.five minutes later,i’ll ask for your answers.t:(after five minutes)are you ready?ss:yes.t:ok.who’d like to do the first one?s2:there are weapons,tools,clothing,money and articles for daily life.t:anything else?s3:jade articles,silk,jewellery,pottery and china.t:very good.is there anything to add?think it over.s4:servants,warriors,wives of emperors and kings and animals.t:great!the second one?s5:to show off their power and wealth.s6:to continue their luxurious life in the nether world.t:you’re all right.sit down,please.step ⅲ readingt:well,i think everyone must have heard of the stonehenge in england.would you like to learn more about it?ss:yes.t:ok.now,let’s read a passage about the mysterious stonehenge and the king of stonehenge.it must give you an unexpected surprise.before reading the passage,let’s deal with the new words together.(teacher deals with the new words with the whole class.)t:now,please open your books and turn to page 75.scan the passage and write down which objects were found in the grave of the king of stonehenge.a few minutes later,i’ll ask some students to make a list of the objects found in the grave.is that clear?ss:yes.t:(after a few minutes)have you finished?ss:yes.t:ok.who’d like to write down the objects found in the grave of the king of stonehenge on the blackboard?ss:(one student comes to the front and write his answers on the blackboard.)(bb:tools,a bone pin,two copper knives,a cushion stone,two gold earrings,a bow and arrows,two pots)t:now,please look at the blackboard.is he right?ss:yes.t:ok.read the passage carefully and then finish the two word webs at page 76.(teacher goes among the students and help them deal with some problems they may meet with while reading.)t:well,have you finished them?ss:yes.t:ok.i’ll check your answers.wang lin,read out the materials discovered in the grave.ss:the materials are:stone,clay,copper,gold,pottery,bone and fur.t:quite right.zhang li,read out the found objects,please.s10:the objects are:two copper knives,a cushion stone,two gold earrings,tools,arrows,a bow,two pots and a bone pin.t:very good.you’re very careful.when reading,you must come across some sentences and phrases you don’t understand.now,please look at the screen.i hope they’re of great help to you.(teacher shows the screen and explains them to the students.)1.date back tdate frome.g.in china,the needle treatment dates back to ancient times.2.it is certain that…e.g.it is certain that your team will win.3.buried with him were the tools of a hunter or warrior.(=the tools of a hunter or warrior were buried with him.)4.have a hand ine.g.he had a hand in composing songs for children when he was young.5.in terms ofe.g.in terms of money he is quite rich,but not in terms of happiness.6.it was thought that…;people thought that…e.g.it is thought that the news is not true.7.in the eyes of sb.e.g.you’re only a child in the eyes of him.(bb:date back to,have a hand in,in terms of,in the eyes of,it is certain that…;it is thought that…)t:now we’ve been familiar with the passage.let’s do an exercise according to the passage.please look at ex.2 at page 77 in the post-reading part.work in groups of four to discuss first,and then finish the chart.after a while,i’ll ask some of you to read out your answers.do you understand?ss:yes.t:ok.please begin.(teacher goes among the students and takes part in their discussion.)t:(after the students discuss for a while,teacher asks some students to talk about their opinions.)who’d like to be the first to have a try?ss:…t:good.read the passage again and then go on with ex.3.before reading,you need to go through with the requirement in ex.3 first and know what to do.after reading,work in groups of four to talk about the inventions and kinds of science they must have had at that time.they should be based on the reading passage.is that clear?ss:yes.step ⅳ listening and consolidationt:now,close your books and listen to the tape.after that,finish the exercise on the screen.(teacher shows the screen and turns on the recorder.)decide if the sentences below are true or false.write the letter ＂t＂ if the sentence is true.if it is false,write ＂f＂ and correct the error.1 ( )when the king of stonehenge died,he was about 50 years old.2 ( )from tests on his teeth,it is certain that he spent his childhood in england.3 ( )the most amazing find was two gold earrings4 ( )stonehenge was begun around 2300 bc.5 ( )in terms of technical development,people were going from the bronze age to the stone age at that time.6 ( )it has been proven that the copper knives came from spain and western france.step ⅴ summary and homeworkt:in this class,we’ve learnt about the king of stonehenge by reading the passage and also learnt some useful expressions and sentence patterns.after class,you need to do more exercises to master them freely.studying archaeological discoveries can help us learn about the life of people during different periods,so if you have time,go to visit the local museums or surf the internet to learn more about archaeology.at last,don’t forget to prepare for the next period—language study.so much for today.see you next time!ss:see you next time!step ⅵ the design of the writing on the blackboard
　　unit 20 archaeology
　　the second periodi.objects found in the grave:tools,a bone pin,two copper knives,a cushion stone,two gold earrings,a bow and arrows,two potsⅱ.useful phrases and sentence patterns:date back tohave a hand inin terms ofin the eyes ofit is certain that…it is thought that…step ⅶ record after teaching
　　the third periodteaching aims:1.review some new words appearing in the last period.2.review the use of ＂it＂.teaching important points:1.review the words used as a noun or a verb appearing in the reading passage and learn to complete sentences with their correct form…2.master the use of ＂it＂.teaching difficult point:the usage of ＂it＂ used in the subject position to stand for an infinitive or a clause,especially in the following sentence structure:it is said/believed/reported/thought/known…that…teaching methods:1.revision to help the students consolidate the words learnt in the last period.2.practise to help the students review the use of ＂it＂.3.pair work or inpidual work to make every student work in class.teaching aids:1.the multimedia 2.the blackboardteaching procedures:step ⅰ greetingsgreet the whole class as usual.step ⅱ revisiont:in the last period,we read a passage about the king of stonehenge.have you remembered anything about it?who can retell the text briefly?s1:let me try.on may 3,XX,archaeologists found a grave of a man in england.buried with him were some tools…t:very good.thank you for your performance.step ⅲ word studyt:in the reading passage we’ve learnt,there are some words which mean the same as the definitions i’ll give you.now,listen to me carefully and then find the words and read them out.one student,one word.is that clear?ss:yes.t:ok.let’s begin.no 1:the ruler of an empire,higher than a king.s2:emperor.t:yes.no 2:the clothes that people wear.s3:clothing.t:good.no 3:a long stick with a sharp point,used as a weapon.s4:arrow.t:no.think it over.s5:knife.t:yes.let’s go on.it means a deep round bowl used for cooking.which word is it?s6:i think the word is ＂pot＂,isn’t it?t:yes.no 5:a thin weapon that you shoot with a bow.s7:arrow.t:right.the last one:the amount of space between two places.s8:the word should be ＂distance＂.t:very good.now,please look at the screen.these words can be used as a noun or a verb.can you say their meanings in chinese?(teacher shows the screen and let the students speak together.meanwhile,give answers on the screen.)t：now,let’s do an exercise.open your books at page 77.look at ex.2 in word study.complete the sentences with their correct form and change them into chinese.i’ll give you a few minutes to prepare.after that,i’ll ask some students to do them.t:ok.time is up.have you finished?ss:yes.t:well.the first one.any volunteer?s9:the first blank should be filled in ＂date＂ used as a noun,while the second should be filled in ＂dates＂ used as a verb.its chinese meaning is:日期是XX年5月3日，考古学家在英格兰发现了一个男人的坟墓，此墓的历史可追溯到公元前大约23XX年。t：very good.the second one?s:…step ⅳ grammar(teacher shows some sentences on the screen.)t:do the sentences a and b in each pair have the same meaning?ss:yes.both of the two sentences in each pair have the same meaning.t:are there any differences?who’d like to try the first pair?s10:the subject of sentence a is an infinitive phrase,while that of sentence b is ＂it＂.in sentence b,＂it＂ is used in the subject position to stand for the infinitive phrase.the reason why the sentence is written like that is that we want to keep the balance of the sentence.am i right?t:yes.you’re right.sentence b is more usual in everyday english.the second pair,li ping,try please.s11:in sentence a,the subject is a that-clause,while the subject of sentence b is ＂it＂,which is used in the subject position to stand for a clause.t:very good.the sentence structure ＂it is+adj.+an infinitive/a clause＂is very useful in learning english.(teacher writes the sentence structure on the blackboard.)can you make a sentence with the sentence structure?s12:let me try.it is dangerous to go out alone at night.t:good.wang wei,make a sentence with the structure.s13：it is natural that a child should love its mother.(teacher writes the two sentences the students made on the blackboard.)t:well done.now.let’s do an exercise.turn to page 78 and look at ex.1 in grammar.rewrite the following sentences using ＂it＂.five minutes later,i’ll check your answers.suggested answers:1.it is a great honour for me to be able to join in the archaeological research project.2.thanks to modern technology,it is possible to find out more facts about the man buried in the grave.3.it is still unknown whether the man organised the construction of stonehenge.4.it is a mystery how early men constructed stonehenge without the use of modern technology.t:you all did very well.now,please look at the screen.(teacher shows the following on the screen.)in this pair,sentence a and sentence b have the same meaning.sentence a includes a very useful sentence structure.do you know what it is?ss:yes.it is:it be+p.p.+that-clause.(teacher writes it on the blackboard.)t:look at the blackboard,please.here ＂it＂is also used in the subject position to stand for a clause,but it is different from what we reviewed just now.is that so?ss:yes.t:the sentence pattern ＂it be+p.p.+that-clause＂can often be changed into the sentence structure ＂people+vt.+that-clause＂.the past participles used like that in the sentence structure are: reported, believed, thought, proven, known, hoped, suggested, etc.(teacher writes them on the blackboard.)t:are you clear about that?ss:yes.t:ok.let’s do ex.2 at page 78.first do them by yourself,then check your answers with your partner.after a while,i’ll ask some of you to read out your sentences.step ⅴ consolidationt:now,please look at the screen.translate the sentences into english using ＂it＂.1.据报道，数十名儿童在事故中死亡。2.电脑有可能取代人的位置吗？3.核对这些实验的结果是重要的。4.处理这样的问题，对你来说是困难的。5.独自一人去海里游泳是危险的。6.众所周知，中国是一个文明古国。step ⅵ summary and homeworkt:in this class,we’ve reviewed some new words appearing in the last period,especially some words used as noun or verb.we’ve also reviewed the use of ＂it＂,which is used in the subject position to stand for an infinitive or a clause.after class,you need to do more exercises to consolidate what we’ve reviewed about the use of ＂it＂.besides,prepare for the next period.that’s all.see you tomorrow!ss:see you tomorrow!step ⅶ the design of the writing on theblackboard
　　unit 20 archaeology
　　the third periodgrammar:the use of ＂it＂ⅰ.it is+adj.+an infinitive/a clause.e.g.it is dangerous to go out alone at night.it is natural that a child should love its mother.ⅱ.it be+ p.p. (said,reported,believed,thought,proved,known,hoped,suggested,etc.)+that-clause.(=people say/report/believe/think…that-clause.)step ⅷ record after teaching
　　the fourth periodteaching aims:1.learn and master the following:root,ivory,jade,climate,mask,accompany,warmly,precious,triangle,dig up, emind…of,belong to2.review the language points and the use of ＂it＂ in this unit.3.train the students’ integrating skills,especially writing skill.teaching important points:1.useful expressions: dig up,remind…of,belong to2.learn to create a flow chart.teaching difficult points:1.how to help the students understand the passage better.2.how to create a flow chart.teaching methods:1.revision to help the students consolidate the language points of this unit.2.fast reading and careful reading to help the students understand the passage exactly.3.discussion to help the students finish the task of writing.4.inpidual,pair or group work to make every student work in class.teaching aids:1.the multimedia 2.the blackboardteaching procedures:step ⅰ greetingsgreet the whole class as usual.step ⅱ revisiont:yesterday we reviewed the use of ＂it＂,especially its usage used in the subject position to stand for an infinitive or a clause.now,please look at the screen.i’ll see whether you’ve mastered it.after a while,i’ll collect your answers.(teacher shows the following on the screen.)complete the sentences,paying attention to the use of ＂it＂.1.______(据说)that this book has been translated into many different languages.2.______(很可能)that your team will win.3.______（很遗憾）that he can’t pass the english test.4.it is important ______（我们学好英语）.5.______(直到250年后)that they formed a single state.6.______(是1990年)that i graduated from the university.t:you all did a good job.please look at the fifth and the sixth sentence on the screen again.tell me the use of ＂it＂ in the two sentences.any volunteer?s1:here ＂it＂ is used for emphasis.t:you’re right.the two sentences are emphatic construction,emphasizing adverbials of time＂not until 250 years later＂and ＂in 1990＂.the emphatic construction is:it is/was…that/who…this structure can be used to emphasize almost any part of the sentence.(bb:it is/was…that/who…)can you give another example?s2:it was in the street that i saw li ping yesterday.t:very good.if we emphasize the subject,the object or the adverbial of time,how should we rewrite your sentence?who can try?s3:if we emphasize the subject of the sentence,we should say ＂it was i who saw li ping in the street yesterday＂.the sentence ＂it was li ping that i saw in the street yesterday.＂is used to emphasize the object.if emphasizing the adverbial of time,we should say ＂it was yesterday that i saw li ping in the street＂.am i right?t:yes,you’re quite right.step ⅲ readingt:ok.so much for revision.china is a country with a long history.it has brilliant culture of about 5 000 years.do you know roots of chinese culture?ss:we don’t know.t:now,let’s read a passage about roots of chinese culture.first,let’s deal with the new words appearing in the text together.(teacher deals with the new words with the whole class.)t:ok.open your books at page 78.please read the passage quickly and answer the questions on the screen.(teacher shows the following on the screen.)1.why did jinsha village became famous all over china in XX?2.how did sanxingdui first discovered?(a few minutes later,teacher checks the answers.)t:who’d like to answer the first question?s4:because archaeologists discovered more than a thousand cultural relics,including gold,jade,bronze and stone objects as well as nearly a ton of ivory.these will serve as the important materials for the study of local geography,climate and environment in ancient times.t:anything else?s5:because many of the relics there look very much like those found at sanxingdui.archaeologists now think that the jinsha ruins may have been the political and cultural centre of the ancient shu kingdom,which moved from sanxingdui to chengdu about 3 000 years ago.t:very good.the second one,any volunteer?s6:in the spring of 1929,a farmer in today’s nanxing town was working in the fields when his son dug up a round piece of jade.they found a hole filled with more than 400 jade objects.t:you’re right.now,read the whole passage carefully again and then answer some detailed questions on the screen.(teacher shows the questions on the screen.)1.who was the first to discover the jinsha ruins and when?2.before the jinsha ruins was found,archaeologists believed how long the history of sichuan was?3.since 1929,what have been unearthed in sanxingdui ruins site?4.what do archaeologists hope to discorer in the future?t:(some minutes later.)are you ready?ss:yes.t:ok.who’d like to answer the first question?s7:on february 8,XX,construction workers from a local company found ivory and jade in the mud when they were building road there.t:good.the second one,who can try?s8:before the discoveries in the jinsha ruins,it was believed that sichuan only had a history of about 2 300 years.t:ok.how about the third one?s9:since 1929,more than 10 000 relics dating back to between 5000bc and 3000bc have been discovered.53 holes were dug up and over 1 200 pieces,including bronze and gold masks,bronze objects and images,jade and ivory had been found.t:well done.the last one,zhang jun,please.s10:they hope to discover some of the mysterious palaces,tombs of kings and bronze and jade workshops.t:a good job!you’re all very careful.now,please look at the screen.there are some useful expressions to master.(teacher shows the screen.)1.the photo reminds me of childhood.2.at the jinsha ruins,archaeologists dug up many precious relics.3.the house doesn’t belong to me.4.it looks like rain.5.he must have been there before.6.they may not have caught the train.(bb:remind…of,dig up,belong to,look like,must have done,may have done)t:now,you’re familiar with the reading passage.next,let’s look at the picture.(teacher shows the picture on the screen.)this is a precious bronze statue,which was unearthed in the sanxingdui ruins site.please enjoy it for a while.(teacher gives the students two minutes to enjoy it.)step ⅳ writingt:ok.so much for reading.archaeological discoveries play an important part in learning about the history and culture of a country,so everyone has the duty to protect them after they are unearthed.stealing cultural relics is illegal by law.as a citizen,what should we do to protect our country’s relics?talk about it in groups of four.after a while,i’ll ask some students to report their results.is that clear?ss:yes.t:(after a few minutes.)are you ready?(ss:yes.)ok.wang li,tell us what you’re going to do to protect our country’s relics?s11:observe the law about the preservation of cultural relics.if we find someone stealing cultural relics.we should call the police at once.t:good.anything else?s12:learn about cultural relics.t:yes,you’re right.now,imagine you have discovered some old things under the ground,what should you do to protect them?please create a flow chart showing the things you should do and the things you should not do.before creating your flow chart,please turn to page 80.study the flow chart on the left and the tips on the right with your partner.then try to create your own chart.after a few minutes,i’ll collect your charts.let’s see who creates it best.do you understand?ss:yes.step ⅴ summary and homeworkt:in this class,we’ve reviewed the use of ＂it＂ by doing exercises.we’ve also read a passage about roots of chinese culture and learnt some useful expressions.after class,you should do more exercises to consolidate what we’ve learnt in class.as cultural relics are very important in learning about the history and culture of a country,we must protect them.in this class,we’ve learnt to create a flow chart to tell everyone what we should do and should not do.up to now,we’ve finished the whole unit.can you find some words used to described archaeological discoveries?after class,please finish the homework.at last,review all the language points of this unit.so much for today.class is over.step ⅵ the design of the writing on theblackboard
　　unit 20 archaeology
　　the fourth periodⅰ.the use of ＂it＂used for emphasisit is/was…that/who…ⅱ.useful expressions:remind…of,dig up,belong to,look like,must have done,may have donestep ⅶ record after teaching