Unitampnbsp2ampnbspampnbspampnbspCrossingampnbsplimits

　　unit 2 crossing limits
　　i．单元教学目标
　　技能目标skill goals
　　0 talk about exploring the world
　　1 practise judging situations and making decisions
　　2 review the predicate
　　3 write a persuasive essay
　　ii．目标语言
　　功 能 句 式expressions to judge situations and make decisions:
　　a. expressions used to judge situations:
　　1. from my understanding, i find it possible that…
　　2. in my opinion, nobody has the right to…
　　3. for the sake of…, i believe…
　　4. in respect for…, we should…
　　5. everything has two sides, but i …
　　6. by no means should we sacrifice people’s life in the name of science…
　　b. expressions used to make decisions:
　　1. it’s hard to decide… however,
　　2. take everything into consideration, i …
　　3. in spite of…, i still believe…
　　4. i am likely to think… because…
　　5. my choice will be…
　　词 汇1.四会词汇
　　evaluate, various, key, origin, equip, puzzle, wealthy, asian, african, ambassador, wander, motherland, existence, accurate, navy, treasure, command, royal, embassy, zebra, volunteer, radium, dam, suggest, accomplish, sickness, unable, sacred, refer, aircraft, arise, evidence, chairman, praise
　　2.认读词汇
　　christopher columbus, endeavor, marco polo, spice, ceylon, arab, westernmost, roman, empire, rhinoceros, horn, shanga, awareness, fleet, symbolic, sum, horizon, navigation, korea, the himalayas, sherpa, tibet, honesty, dedication, ideal, technological
　　3.词组
　　in the name of, in exchange for, set sail, in return, bring up, apart from, refer to, run out
　　4.重点词汇
　　various, key, wealthy, accurate, wander, suggest, accomplish, arise, praise
　　语 法review the predicate:
　　1. a team of scientists discovers an important ancient grave near the village of native people.
　　2. i was reading a book about marco polo when you called.
　　3. we can send robots equipped with cameras and other tools to do observations for us.
　　4. the world map was a great puzzle to people of early civilizations.
　　5. a small bronze statue of lion has been found in the swahili town of shanga.
　　重 点 句 子1. trade and curiosity have often formed the foundation for mankind’s greatest endeavor.
　　2. the arabic contacts to the african coast led to the next meeting between black people and a chinese.
　　3. the contacts between china and africa over the centuries had led to the awareness of each other’s existence, but still no accurate maps of the countries around the indian ocean existed.
　　4. in the years between 1405 and 1433, seven large treasure fleets sailed westwards on voyages of trade and exploration.
　　5. the fleet made several expeditions before the exploration was stopped, probably for economic reasons.
　　iii.教材分析与教材重组
　　1．教材分析
　　本单元的话题是crossing limits，话题涉及的历史和地理知识庞杂，给学生理解文章带来了较大难度。pre-reading, reading和post-reading部分涉及了许多背景知识，这会给学生精读文章带来障碍。warming up, listening和integrating skills部分涉及到exploration话题的空间跨度很大，因此解决好中外、过去和现在exploration的关系可以促进学生理解话题——跨越极限。speaking和writing以判断和劝诱为主题，旨在通过理解和学习话题，发展学生理解观点和形成自主判断，促进学生的自主决策能力。
　　1．1warming up 以４位中外航海家的图片为引线，引出了本单元人物和话题。４个任务设计层层深入，首先由人物事迹逐渐导向单元话题——exploration。最后一个任务把话题引向具体的单元话题的目标语言。
　　1．2listening包括pre-listening, while-listening和post-listening三个部分。pre-listening的目的是培养学生听前预测的能力，这就使得听的过程目的性很强。post-listening的两个任务设计各有侧重，任务１强调对听力内容的整体理解，任务２则侧重对话题思想的理解，重在培养学生解决问题的能力。整体上来看，listening的设计旨在培养学生预测、选择、判断和深层加工信息的能力。
　　1．3speaking 部分包括三个situations。三个situations都是以科学发现和探测为主题，提出问题情境，旨在培养学生对问题情境的判断能力和运用语言解决问题的能力。问题的情境设计具有思辨性特征，学习者只有对问题情境的深刻理解，才能做出准确的判断，在此基础上形成决策。
　　1．4reading部分包括pre-reading, reading 和post-reading三个部分。 pre-reading以silk road为主题，输入背景知识，促进学生对reading的深刻理解。reading讲述了海上丝绸之路开辟的背景、发展和繁荣，文章的后半部分重点记叙了郑和下西洋的过程和意义。reading的主题内容明确，此主题是培养学生民族自豪感的好材料。reading的语言材料不难，但是由于文章所记叙的内容时间跨度很大，关系略显复杂，学生不易把握文章的结构。教学中处理好背景知识输入和读懂文章整体结构的任务设计，就基本可以很好地完成教学任务。post-reading是对reading内容的熟练和主题的拓展，最后一个任务升华了主题。这些任务设计都要求学生跨越段落寻找信息，因此教学设计中要适当补充和重新设计tasks，以使得大多数学生都能读透文章。
　　1．5language study 分词汇和语法两部分。其中，word study的前两个练习序列性很强，两个练习设计注重词性拓展和运用。任务中基本涉及到本单元重点词汇和常见词汇，但是对学生而言，仅依靠这样两个任务设计是不能够达到熟练的目的，因此应该适当的在homework或者integrating skills部分运用恰当的任务设计来达到使学生能够熟练运用这些词汇的目标。word study的第三个练习训练学生在语境中运用词汇的能力，材料内容补充了本单元话题的背景知识。word study基本上呈现出了本单元的重点词汇，任务形式以训练为载体，强调了语言知识的运用能力，因此教学中要细处理。grammar 则分成两个parts. part 1要求学生要学会识别和判断predicate；part２强调了predicate在语篇中的运用。由于是复习内容，所以两个task的内容设计显得简单，可以适当补充一些tasks来强化学生在写作过程中准确运用predicate的能力。
　　1．6integrating skills分为2部分：reading 和writing。reading记叙了中外pioneers爬越珠穆朗玛峰的过程，文章的语言内容不难，不会对学生构成整体的阅读障碍，但文章中涉及到的一些细节知识需要学生细读才能准确把握，因此可利用本篇阅读材料重点培养学生细节理解能力。阅读材料后的四个任务设计都是围绕细节理解展开，任务设计采用口头回答和paraphrasing的形式，目的是训练学生的口头表达能力。writing部分的内容以阅读材料为背景，以爬山是否应该带氧气为主题形成讨论，分为两种观点。题目设计同前面speaking话题相同，训练学生的思维辨析能力，提高其运用笔头形式表达观点的能力。写作要求学生要拓展话题，了解更多的mountain-climbing事实或实例来支持观点。因此写好文章的关键重在于事例和事实的采集、整理和分析。
　　1．7tips的主题内容是阅读指导，指导学生对于不同文体和主题的阅读材料要选用不同的阅读方法。阅读策略训练一直都是阅读指导的重点，因此可选用报刊选载、小说和科技说明文来指导学生利用tips的建议阅读，强化阅读策略训练。
　　1．8checkpoint 2是本单元语言知识的反馈和强化。分为谓语形式和单元话题词汇与句式复习两个部分，此项内容可以作为反馈练习来强化单元知识。
　　2．教材重组
　　2．1教材的warming up和listening两部分内容相关性很大，warming up的材料不仅可以导出单元话题，而且可以利用warming up的内容为listening铺垫必要的语言准备。workbook部分的listening practice可以被用来补充更多的单元信息和训练学生的听力能力。因此可以整合这3部分内容，上一节听力课。
　　2．2speaking的内容以exploration为题，重在培养学生运用思维辨析、判断和决策的能力，组织语言材料的难度较大。但可以借助warming up的内容和听力材料为辅助材料，运用mind-map教学策略来帮助学生收集材料，降低难度，上一节口语课。
　　2．3pre-reading, reading和post-reading三个教学环节序列性很强，互为补充。integrating skills的talking部分同教材reading部分内容有很大相关性，整合这4个环节，可以设计一节文化背景输入 阅读 读后反思 读后讨论的流线形精读课。
　　2．4language study重在语言知识复习和强化，教学中通过合理设计任务，分类组合，设计一节以语言训练为载体的语言知识学习课。
　　2．5integrating skills 的reading的内容相对简单，但是在单元教学中作用很大。其内容不仅是对单元话题的拓展，也是对后面写作内容的铺垫。通过精处理，拓展话题理解，训练语言知识，就可以起到承前启后的作用。
　　2．6integrating skills 部分的写作设计是对单元话题的总结。语言的输出方式以essay载体，以单元主题为话题，既呼应了speaking，又升华了主题。
　　2．7work book 的integrating skills分为reading和writing两部分内容，reading的内容同教材部分reading的内容的文章结构有相似之处，都是对历史事件和历史人物的记叙和评价；writing以essay writing 为主题，呼应教材speaking和writing部分。因此可以这两部分为载体，上一节综合实践课来强化本单元读写技能的实践运用。
　　3．课型设计与课时分配（经教材分析，根据学情，本单元可以用7课时教完）
　　1st period listening
　　2nd period speaking
　　3rd period reading
　　4th period language study
　　5th period extensive reading
　　6th period writing
　　7th period integrating skills
　　iv.分课时教案
　　the first period listening
　　teaching goals 教学目标
　　1. target language 目标语言
　　重点词汇和短语
　　explore, exploration, discover, discovery, face risks, face challenges, modern means, equipment
　　2. ability goals 能力目标
　　enable students to learn that exploring in the past and present are quite different.
　　3. learning ability goals 学能目标
　　enable students to learn how to compare between the past and present exploring.
　　teaching important points 教学重点
　　enable students to fully understand the ＂problem-solution＂ part in warming up and listening materials.
　　teaching difficult points 教学难点
　　by training listening strategies of prediction and doing shorthand, enable students to form a good habit of listening.
　　teaching methods 教学方法
　　1. team work learning
　　2. task-based learning
　　teaching aids 教具准备
　　a projector and some slides
　　teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式
　　step i revision (give reading materials before class)
　　t: first, let’s check your homework to see how well you have prepared for the class. now please do the quiz.
　　quiz:
　　1. who was the first person that mapped the indian coast?
　　2. who was the first person that discovered the ＂new world＂?
　　3. why did abel tasman sail along the coast of australia and many islands in the pacific ocean?
　　4. what was james cook’s purpose of his voyage?
　　key:
　　zheng he
　　columbus
　　tasman was to answer questions about the nature of the geography of pacific ocean regions during his exploration.
　　cook was chosen by the royal society of london to undertake a scientific journey to tahiti to observe and document the event as the planet venus passed between the earth and the sun. his secret task was to find new landmasses in the south.
　　stepⅱ warming up
　　task one: world map exploration
　　t: look at the map and tell me how many continents there are in the world. what are they?
　　show a world map through slide.
　　s: there are seven continents in the world. they are asia, africa, europe, oceania, north america, south america and antarctic.
　　t: observe the map carefully and find their separate positions. tell me which ocean separates asia from oceania, and which separates europe from america. then tell me which oceans we have to cross if we take the shortest route from china to the east coast of africa by sea.
　　s: the pacific ocean separates asia from oceania and the atlantic ocean separates europe from america. we have to cross the pacific ocean and the indian ocean.
　　task two: discuss and answer
　　t: work in pairs and discuss the following question?
　　question: what were the dangers and challenges that explorers had to face in the past while exploring the world? you can find answers in your reference handout or recall them from your memory.
　　s: there were a lot of dangers that made their exploration difficult. first, they had to struggle against big storms, icebergs and great rocks that lie unnoticed in the sea. second, they may easily get ill without fresh vegetables on board. third, they had to fight against pirates and unfriendly natives.
　　task three: list words and expressions
　　t: since we have known a lot about exploration at sea, now please recall the words and expressions we just used in talking about exploration. you can also think out these words and expression by using mind-map strategy.
　　students recall the words by using mind-map strategy and make the following list.
　　itemlanguage
　　words with the meaning
　　exploration and discoverymake a discovery, expedition,
　　explore the unknown, exploration
　　purposes and experiences in the course of an expeditiondo scientific research, map the coast, find a new landmass, discover an island, hit a rock, meet with storms, fight against the natives, land, hide in a harbor
　　transport and communicationset out for, set sail for, on board, by sea, on deck, by radio, by flag language, by telephone
　　step iii pre-listening
　　task one: prediction
　　t: now we are going to hear an interview between a reporter and a professor about exploring in the past and at present. before listening, please think what sort of questions the reporter will ask and list at least three questions.
　　s: he may ask the following three questions. 1. what communicating tools did they use in the past? 2. how did they store enough fresh water? 3. how did they deal with sickness in the course of exploration in the past?
　　t: if the reporter raises the above questions, what examples will the professor give to answer the questions?
　　s: he may give an example of a great explorer and explain the questions.
　　task two: question and answer
　　t: what modern means can explorers make use of today?
　　s: they can send messages by radio and take pictures with advanced cameras in space travel. they can also use robots and other advanced equipment to accomplish some dangerous tasks.
　　step iv while-listening
　　task one: listen for the first time and fill in the chart
　　t: in the tape you are going to hear the differences of communication and transport used in the past and at present. listen to the tape and fill the chart of exercise 2 on page 11.
　　students listen and do the exercise.
　　task two: do shorthand
　　t: listen to the tape for the second time and fill in the chart below. before that you had better read the questions of exercise 3 carefully.
　　students listen to the tape and do shorthand.
　　risks in the past
　　solutions for modern explorers having no map
　　similarities between the past expeditions and trips to mars
　　step v post-listening
　　task one: discussion
　　t: exploration means advancement. it was armstrong’s first step on the moon that enables people to know what the real moon is like. meanwhile, explorations are not without dangers and challenges. recall your early experiences or choose one topic from the teacher’s list to discuss what dangers or difficulties you may have in the course of exploration. work in groups of four and list all the possible dangers or difficulties. after that, please find out possible solutions to the problems.
　　teacher’s list:
　　situations
　　exploring an uninhabited (无人居住的) island
　　going through a cave
　　discover a special plant
　　students discuss in groups and try to find out possible solutions.
　　s: take exploring an uninhabited island as an example, we may meet the following dangers and difficulties and we have found out possible solutions to them, as is shown in the below.
　　dangers and difficultiessolutions
　　we may meet with big waves on the voyage prepare a boat strong enough and listen to weather forecast before hand
　　we may get lost in the islandtake a compass and make marks along the way
　　we may find it difficult to make mealsprepare enough food and fresh water and take some matches
　　we may be attacked by the snakesprepare a safe sleeping bag and some medicines
　　step ⅵ listening practice
　　task one: choose the best answers
　　t: listen to the tape for the first time and do exercise 2 on page 153.
　　students go through the requirement before listening and listen to get the answers.
　　task two: listen and answer questions
　　t: listen to the tape for the second time and do exercise 3 on page 153.
　　students go through the requirement before listening and find answers to the questions.
　　step vii homework
　　task one: use the following words to make short phrases (eg: evaluate—evaluate the situation)
　　words and expressions: evaluate, various, make a decision, in the name of, solve the energy problem, be rich in, take possession of, damage, disturb, available
　　task two: interview some of your classmates and find out if they would like to take part in ＂a trip to an uninhabited small island＂. then write a small passage showing different opinions and their reasons. at the end of the passage, you should express your own reason and opinion.
　　sample key:
　　yesterday i made a survey among my classmates to see if they would like to take part in a trip to an uninhabited island. their opinions are pided.
　　about 60% of the students agree to take apart in the exploration. some believe that exploration will build up their courage. some girls think the exploration will make their experience richer. and most students are curious about it and take it a good chance to test their ability of independence.
　　about 40% of students disagree with the idea. the main reason is that it is too dangerous. the rest of the students take no interest in such activities.
　　from my point of view, i think life means to experience. and we can be more independent only when we take a positive attitude towards everything. therefore, i will take part in it.