中考定语从句复习策略的探究与创新

　　定语从句是初中阶段英语教学中的重点和难点。一直以来，不少教师在教学中都有共同的感觉：自己意会，难以言传。导致许多学生理解难﹑接受慢﹑运用死﹑效果差。为此，我在实际教学工作中，不断地反思，运用不同的方法进行尝试，通过学生提问﹑作业﹑测试的反馈信息来看，在这一方面有了较有成效的突破，现介绍如下，以供鉴赏。
　　一﹒复合句的实质：二句合一
　　任何从句在口语或书面语中都不能单独使用，因为它是充当另外一个句子﹙即主句﹚的某一句子成分的，构成主从复合句。所以，含有定语从句最基本复合句的实质是二句合一。
　　二．合并条件：人物先行在句一，又占句二一席地
　　也就是说，如果某一个人或事物在第一个句子中出现，又以它含义上的名词﹑代词﹑形容词或副词形式在第二个句子中出现，具备这样的条件，我们就可以把两个句子合并成含有定语从句的复合句。
　　三．合并方法：分三步.
　　留 舍 替
　　先主语　人　who / that
　　物　which /that
　　行宾语　人　who /whom /that
　　物　which /that
　　定语　人　whose
　　词　物　whose/ of which
　　状语时间　when
　　地点　where
　　原因　why
　　定语从句所限定的名词或代词叫先行词.为方便起见,我们把引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词等统称为引导词，通过上述合并条件和合并方法可以看出，先行词和引导词在含义上互指。
　　四． 举例说明：
　　1．i like the girl﹙1﹚very much.. she ﹙2﹚sings and dances best in our school.
　　释：﹙1﹚和﹙2﹚在含义上互指，符合合并条件，保留先行词﹙the girl﹚，舍去
　　主语﹙she﹚，用引导词﹙who /that﹚来代替，于是得到：i like the girl who /that sings and
　　dances best in our school very much .
　　2.this is the place ﹙1﹚.we visited it﹙2﹚ with our friends last week.
　　释:﹙1﹚和﹙2﹚在含义上互指，符合合并条件，保留先行词﹙the place﹚，舍去宾语﹙it﹚,用引导词﹙which/that﹚来代替或省略，于是得到：this is the place ﹙which/that﹚we visited with our friends last week
　　3.that is a problem﹙1﹚. it can be worked out in three ways﹙2﹚.
　　释：﹙1﹚和﹙2﹚在含义上互指，符合合并条件，保留先行词﹙problem﹚，舍去主语﹙
　　it﹚,用引导词﹙that/which﹚来代替,于是得到：that is a problem that/which can be worked out
　　in three ways .
　　4.the manager﹙1﹚ will give some many to the village to build a school. i mentioned him ﹙2﹚to you a few days ago .
　　释：﹙1﹚和﹙2﹚在含义上互指，符合合并条件，保留先行词﹙the manager﹚,舍去宾语﹙him﹚，用引导词﹙who/whom /that﹚来代替或省略，于是得到：the manager﹙who/whom/that﹚i mentioned to you a few days ago will give some money to the village to build
　　a school.
　　5．can you tell me something about the man﹙1﹚. you had a talk with him just now﹙2﹚.
　　释：﹙1﹚和﹙2﹚在含义上互指，符合合并条件，保留先行词﹙the man﹚，舍去介词宾语﹙him 人﹚,注意：介词后置——常用引导词﹙who/that﹚来代替或省略；介词前置——常用﹙whom﹚来代替，于是得到：①can you tell me something about the man ﹙ who/that﹚ you had a talk with just now. ②can you tell me something about the the man with whom you had a talk just now.
　　6.our hometown is a small village﹙1﹚. there is a hill in front of it﹙2﹚.
　　释：﹙1﹚和﹙2﹚在含义上互指，符合合并条件，保留先行词﹙village﹚，舍去介词宾语﹙it 物﹚, 注意：介词后置——常用引导词﹙that﹚来代替或省略；介词前置——常用﹙which﹚来代替,于是得到：①.our hometown is a small village that there is a hill in front of.
　　②our hometown is a small villag in front of which there is a hill.
　　7．i will never forget the days ﹙1﹚.i lived and studied with my classmates at college in the days﹙2﹚.
　　释：﹙1﹚和﹙2﹚在含义上互指，符合合并条件，保留先行词﹙the days﹚，舍去介词宾语﹙the days﹚, 注意：介词后置——常用引导词﹙that﹚来代替或省略；介词前置——常用﹙which﹚来代替; 舍去时间壮语﹙in the days﹚, 用引导词﹙when﹚来代替, 于是得到：
　　①. i will never forget the days that i lived and studied with my classmates at college in.
　　②.i will never forget the days in which i lived and studied with my classmates at college .
　　③. i will never forget the days when i lived and studied with my classmates at college .
　　五：原理运用：要求逆向思维
　　汉译英：分三步﹙先分——后译——再合﹚
　　例：我们昨天参观的那个工厂是去年建的
　　⑴. 分：那个工厂是去年建的。 我们昨天参观它。
　　⑵．译：the factory was built last year. we visited it yesterday.
　　⑶．合：the factory﹙which /that﹚ we visited yesterday was built last year
　　英译汉：含有定语从句最基本复合句的实质是二句合一，先行词和引导词在含义上互指。既可合译又可分译。
　　例1：i like making friends who are like me. ﹙我喜欢交像我一样的朋友﹚
　　例2：there is a factory pouring waste water into the river in which the water can not be used for drinking and all fish have disappeared. ﹙有一家工厂在向这条河里倾注废水，在这条河里，水已不能用来饮用，而且所有鱼已消失。the river与 which互指﹚。
　　六.注意事项
　　1.主谓一致：当引导词作定语从句的主语时，因先行词与引导词在含以上互指，所以定语从句谓语动词的形式应与先行词的人称和数保持一致；当引导词不作定语从句的主语时，从句谓语动词的形式与直接的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
　　例1.they are the students who are from japan.
　　例2. they are the students who the teacher likes best.
　　2.须＂that＂引导：在初中阶段，定语从句必须用＂that＂引导的情形主要有一下几种：
　　⑴.先行词是不定代词 例：this is all that i need.
　　⑵.先行词被最高级修饰 例：he is the best student that i have taught.
　　⑶. 先行词被序数词修饰 例：he is the first student that got to school this morning.
　　⑷.先行词为人、物并列结构 例：i like the man and his dog that are from the country.
　　3.介词的前后置：当引导词作介词的宾语时，先行词是人，介词前置必须用whom引导，
　　介词后置，可用who/whom/that引导；先行词是物，介词前置必须用
　　which引导，介词后置，可用which/that引导.
　　对于学生来说，这种方法能为他们在旧知与新知之间难度跨越上搭起平台，实现新旧知识顺利衔接﹑思维能力平稳提升。
　　七。实际操作 练习技能 提升能力
　　1. don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure.
　　a. which b. what c. as d. those
　　2. is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?
　　a. that b. where c. in which d. the one
　　3. is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last friday?
　　a. that b. where c. which d. the one
　　4. is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
　　a. that b. where c. which d. the one
　　5. the wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
　　a. that b. where c. in which d. in that
　　6. the freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.
　　a. at which b. on that c. in which d. of what
　　7. this book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts..
　　a. how you have observed b. what you have observed
　　c. that you have observed d. how that you have observed
　　8. the reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
　　a. because b. why c. that d. whether
　　9. i’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
　　a. all which b. that c. all that d. which
　　10. that tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
　　a. whose b. of which c. in which d. on which
　　11. i have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
　　a. as b. that c. which d. what
　　12. he failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.
　　a. which b. it c. that d. what
　　13. we’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night.
　　a. which b. whom c. who d. that
　　14. the girl __________ an english song in the next room is tom’s sister.
　　a. who is singing b. is singing c. sang d. was singing
　　15. those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
　　a. learn b. who c. that learns d. who learn
　　16. anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
　　a. that against b. that against c. who is against d. who are against
　　17. didn’t you see the man __________?
　　a. i nodded just now b. whom i nodded just now
　　c. i nodded to him just now d. i nodded to just now
　　18. can you lend me the novel __________ the other day?
　　a. that you talked b. you talked about it
　　c. which you talked with d. you talked about
　　19. is there anything __________ to you?
　　a. that is belonged b. that belongs
　　c. that belong d. which belongs
　　20. ---- ＂how do you like the book?＂
　　---- ＂it’s quite different from __________ i read last month.＂
　　a. that b. which c. the one d. the one what
　　21. mr. zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who had already taken them.
　　a. the ones b. ones c. some d. the others
　　22. the train __________ she was travelling was late.
　　a. which b. where c. on which d. in that
　　23. he has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept.
　　a. where b. in which c. under which d. which
　　24. antarctic __________ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
　　a. which b. where c. that d. about which
　　25. it’s the third time __________ late this month.
　　a. that you arrived b. when you arrived
　　c. that you’ve arrived d. when you’ve arrived
　　26. it was in 1969 __________ the american astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
　　a. that b. which c. when d. in which
　　27. may the fourth is the day __________ we chinese people will never forget.
　　a. which b. when c. on which d. about which
　　28. we are going to spend the spring festival in guangzhou, __________ live my grandparents and some relatives.
　　a. which b. that c. who d. where
　　29. the hotel __________ during our holidays stands by the seaside.
　　a. we stayed at b. where we stayed at
　　c. we stayed d. in that we stayed
　　30. is it in that factory __________ ＂red flag＂ cars are produced?
　　a. in which b. where c. which d. that
　　31. it is the suez canal __________ separates asia __________ africa.
　　a. which, to b. where, from
　　c. that, from d. that, with
　　32. under the bridge, however, almost directly below, __________ was a small canoe, with a boy in it.
　　a. there b. where c. it d. which
　　33. he is not __________ a fool __________.
　　a. such, as he is looked b. such, as he looks
　　c. as, as he is looked d. so, as he looks
　　34. is that the reason __________ you are in favour of the proposal?
　　a. which b. what c. why d. for that
　　35. he must be from africa, __________ can be seen from his skin.
　　a. that b. as c. who d. what
　　36. he has two sons, __________ work as chemists.
　　a. two of whom b. both of whom
　　c. both of which d. all of whom
　　37. i, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
　　a. who is b. who am c. that is d. what is
　　38. he is a man of great experience, __________ much can be learned.
　　a. who b. that c. from which d. from whom
　　39. ---- do you know the town at all?
　　--- no, this is the first time i __________ here.
　　a. was b. have been c. came d. am coming
　　40. i don’t like __________ you speak to her.
　　a. the way b. the way in that
　　c. the way which d. the way of which
　　41. the two things __________ they felt very proud are jim’s gold watch and della’s hair.
　　a. about which b. of which
　　c. in which d. for which
　　42. the dinner was the most expensive meal we __________.
　　a. would have b. have had
　　c. had never had d. had ever had
　　43. do you know which hotel __________?
　　a. she is staying b. she is staying in
　　c. is she staying d. is she staying in
　　44. there is only one thing __________ i can do.
　　a. what b. that c . all d. which
　　45. who can think of a situation __________ this idiom can be used?
　　a. which b. that c. where d. in that
　　46. i have many books, some of __________ are on chemistry.
　　a. them b. that c. which d. those
　　47. they were interested __________ you told them.
　　a. in which b. in that
　　c. all that d. in everything
　　48. the astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, __________ much help for knowing space.
　　a. which we think it is b. which we think are of
　　c. of which we think is d. i think which is of
　　49. the great day we looked forward to __________ at last.
　　a. come b. came c. coming d. comes
　　50. i like the second football match __________ was held last week.
　　a. which b. who c. that d. /
　　参考答案：
　　1—5 aadba 6—10 abcca 11—15 aadad
　　16—20 cddbc 21—25 acbdc 26—30 aadad
　　31—35 cabcb 36—40 bbdba 41—45 bdbbc
　　46—50 cdbbc