7.6 虚拟语气
语气是与时态、语态并列的英语动词的一种形式,表说话者的意图、情感或态度。目前英语动词的语气有两种分类法,一种是将语气分为三类,即陈述语气(含疑问与感叹)、祈使语气和虚拟语气;另一种是分为四类,即陈述或称直陈语气(含感叹)、疑问语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
按理说,一种“语气”应该对应于一种“功能句型”来进行表达。目前“英语句型”按其语言功用(即话语的用意与交际功能)分为陈述句、感叹句、祈使句、疑问句,共四种功能句型。但在四种“英语语气”分类法中却将“感叹式语气”归于“陈述语气”,也就是说缺失“感叹语气”这种语气类别;并且“英语句型”中对应于“虚拟语气”也缺失“虚拟句”这种功能句型类别。故此,英语语法应该进一步加强严谨性与系统化,应根据“感叹句”与“陈述句”并列以及“虚拟语气”与“陈述语气、疑问语气、祈使语气”并列的现行语法规则,将“感叹语气”从“陈述语气”中划分出来,共分五种语气,并应增加“虚拟句”这种功能句型,即相应地共分五种功能句型。
在几种英语语气中,内容最多、形式最复杂的是虚拟语气,故须作专题讨论。也正是因为语气与功能句型是相互对应的,为避免重复赘述,虚拟语气之外的其它语气将归于后续内容的“功能句型”中加以讨论。
(1)虚拟语气的定义
虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)用于表达与过去或现在事实相反的或违背主观意愿的情况,也用于表达未来不可能发生的或不可能实现的情况。也就是说,虚拟语气是表达与事实相反的、只是说话者的假想或主观愿望的语气。
(2)虚拟语气的分类
1)新英语语法的虚拟语气分类
新英语语法将虚拟语气分为两种形式,即be-虚拟与were-虚拟。其理由是:一则,传统英语用于虚拟语气的助动词should/would既是时态助动词,又是情态助动词,还是语气助动词,似乎对于初学者来说很难分辨与掌握。故将虚拟语气的用法分别在“虚拟语气(只涉及be-虚拟与were-虚拟)”、“动词的时体形式”以及“情态助动词”三个章节中分作三部分讲解。二则,新英语语法称在现代英语中虚拟语气濒于消失,常为陈述语气所取代,如:He talked with me as if he was/were my uncle. 他与我交谈起来就像是我叔叔。
新英语语法介绍说,现在美语中常见普遍使用的be-虚拟在英式英语中也仍用于法律文书,但在其它用语中则多为“should / would+不定式”所取代。如:It’s a good thing that he recognize his faults.(= It’s a good thing that he should recognize his faults. 他要能认识到自己的错误就好了)。因此新英语语法在“虚拟语气”章节中除了有这两种虚拟之外,还有其它形式的虚拟语气教学内容,如以“情态助动词should,would”等表达虚拟语气的方法。这实际上与传统英语语法的虚拟语气教学内容基本上别无二致。
2)传统英语语法的虚拟语气分类
传统英语语法将虚拟语气分为以下五种基本形式。
2-1)动词原形,用于各人称数,如:
a) Long live peace! 和平万岁!
b) God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
c) No harm just let him do that he will till the end. 不妨就一直放任他。
2-2)动词的过去式用于各人称数,be的过去式均用were,如:
a) I work as though my strength were limitless. 我工作起来就好像有无穷的力量。
b) If he had excellent abilities enough for scientific researches, he wouldn’t do that. 如果他有足够的科研能力,就不会那么干了。
2-3)had + 过去分词,用于各人称数,如:
a) If only I had spent more time with my family. 要是当初与家人共度更多的时光就好了。
b) If you had been controlled by those worries and fears, you would have done nothing. 你如果当初被忧虑与恐惧所控制,那可就一事无成了。 (“had +过去分词”的被动语态形式)
2-4)助动词should / would / could / might +动词原形,或助动词should(用于第一人称,美语常以would代替should,下同) / would(用于第二、三人称)+动词原形,用于各人称数。如:
a) If I were you, I couldn’t /might not miss this opportunity. 如果我是你,我也许不会错过这次机会。
b) He said he would go if I went. 他说,如果我去,他就去。
c) They suggested that we should meet at the station. 他们建议我们在车站会面。
d) I should be sorry to disturb you. 若有打扰,就对不起了。(在不确定是否有打扰时,以虚拟语气道歉。)【比较:I am sorry to disturb you. 对不起,打扰了。(在确定有打扰时,以陈述语气道歉。)】
2-5)助动词should / would / could / might + have +过去分词,用于各人称数,或助动词should(用于第一人称)/would(用于第二、三人称)+ have +过去分词。如:
a) It is strange that they should have done such a kind of things. 真奇怪,他们竟然会干出这种事来。
b) You wouldn’t have seen me if it hadn"t been for his help. 若不是因为有他的帮助,你(们)就不会见到我。
(3)虚拟语气的用法
真实条件从句所表假设是可能发生或实现的,整句中的条件从句与结果主句均用直陈语气,如:
a) If one’s culture is very poor, one is, even in a higher position, of the lower classes. 如果一个人的教养很差,即使身居高位,也是低阶层的。
非真实条件从句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,整句中的条件从句与结果主句均须用虚拟语气。如:
b) If I had free time enough next year, I would go to college. 我明年若有足够的空闲时间,就去上大学。(对将来情况的虚拟,即实际上很可能没那么多空闲时间而无法实现上大学的愿望)
英语动词的虚拟语气主要是以时态或情态助动词辅以表达的。另外还有特殊形式,如be动词以were的形式用于各人称数。以下是具有非真实条件的主从句的三种常见虚拟语气表达(包括时态或情态助动词与主要动词形式)列表:
条件从句中动词的形式
结果主句中动词的形式
对现在情况的虚拟
动词的一般过去时态,用于各人称数作主语;be动词以were的形式用于各人称数。
should/would/might/could+动词原形,或助动词should(用于第一人称)/would(用于第二、三人称)+动词原形。
对过去情况的虚拟
had+过去分词,用于各人称数作主语。
should/would/might/could + have + 过去分词,或助动词should(用于第一人称)/would(用于第二、三人称)+have + 动词原形。
对将来情况的虚拟
① 动词的过去式;②should+动词原形;③were to + 动词原形,用于各人称数作主语(按以上所列①②③三种表达法的顺序,虚拟情况实现的可能性依次降低)。
should/would/might/could+动词原形,或助动词should(用于第一人称)/would(用于第二、三人称)+动词原形。
以下分别举例说明这三种虚拟语气的表达。
1-1)对现在情况的虚拟,如:
a) If I were you, I would forgive her. 如果我是你,我就会原谅她。
b) If it were fine now, we would/might/could have a picnic. 如果现在天气晴好,我们就会去野餐了。
1-2)对过去情况的虚拟,如:
a) If you had come here yesterday, you would have met her. 如果你昨天来,就会遇到她。
b) If they had known it would outcome to this, they might not have dared to do so. 如果当初他们知道结果会是这样,也许就不敢那么干了。
1-3)对将来情况的虚拟,如:
a) If I were to do the job, I would/might/could do it in different ways. 如果我来做这项工作,也许我会用各种不同的方法去做。
b) If I saw/should see/were to see him some day, I would express my thanks to him for his kindness. 如果我有一天能见到他,就要对他表达谢意。
实际上,除以上三种一般情况下条件主从句的虚拟语气之外,还有一些特殊情况下的条件主从句虚拟语气。
1-4)错综时间虚拟亦称混合虚拟,是指条件从句与主句所发生的动作或状态在时间上不同步,则须根据具体情况作时态调整:若表条件从句与过去事实相反,且主句与现在事实相反,则须条件从句用过去完成时态,主句通常可用would, could, might或should接动词原形。如:
a) If I hadn’t had the optimism to carry me through all the way, I wouldn’t be like this now. 若不是有乐观主义的一路支撑,我就不会是现在这个样子了。(从句表过去,主句表现在)
b) If you dared to do evil today, you would/might/could suffer for it in the future. 如今胆敢作恶,未来招呼买单。(从句表现在,主句表将来)
1-5)礼貌虚拟,表委婉请求。如:
a) I was wondering if you could lend me a camera. 不知您能不能借给我一个照相机?
b) I would be most grateful if you could help me overcome the difficulty. 如果您能帮我克服这个困难,我将不胜感激!
c) I would be most appreciate it if you did me a favour. 如果您帮了我个忙,我将不胜感激!
d) I would be most honored if you came to my birthday party. 如果您来参加我的生日聚会,我将不胜荣幸!
1-6)含蓄虚拟,是指以介词短语、副词或连词引出的其他从句代替条件从句的隐含虚拟。如:
a) We couldn’t have finished the task on schedule, without your help. 若没有你(们)的帮助,我们则无法按时完成任务。
b) I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have attended the lecture. 我那天病了。要不然,我就会参加讲座了。
c) He informed me of your birthday by phone, or I would have known nothing about it. 是他打电话把你的生日告诉了我。否则,我是一点儿都不知道这回事儿的。
d) It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. 忽视当前的紧迫性,对这个国家来说将是致命的。
动词原形作为条件句中的虚拟语气形式常用于正式文体,其对应的结果主句常用直陈语气,是因为从句中的假设很可能实现,而主句的结果是表假设实现后的真实情况。如:
a) If money be not your servant, it will be your master. 如果金钱不是你的奴仆,那么它就会成为你的主人。
b) Can you be free if your neighbors be slaves? 如果你的邻居都是奴隶,你能自由吗?
c) Reading is not a virtue, unless the enjoyment be virtuous.
除非读书所享受的乐趣是贞洁的,否则读书就不是美德。
d) No idle person is ever safe, whether he be poor or rich. 没有一个游手好闲的人总是安全的,无论他是贫穷还是富有。
1-8)在as if / as though引导的方式状语从句中的虚拟
a) The man walks as if he were a girl. 那男子汉走起路来就像个女孩儿。
b) Study as if you were to live forever, but live as if you were to go to the heaven tomorrow. 学起来就要像生命无止境,活起来就要像明天去天堂。
1-9)在 lest, for fear that, in case, so that, in order that等引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟,谓语动词形式为 (should / could / might +) 动词原形。其中的lest, for fear that, in case前三个词(组)表达的意思同为“以免、以防”,且用法相同,其后接从句常见用虚拟语气,这三个词(组)引导的从句也可以不使用虚拟语气而使用直陈语气;后两个词组的意思是“以便,为了”。如:
a) Weigh well your words lest they (should) be swords to hurt others. 斟酌你的言辞,以免成为伤人之剑。
b) Take the opportunity when it comes in case it (should) steal away. 抓住时机,以防它偷偷溜走。
c) We should not promise what we cannot do for fear that we (should) be insulted or threatened. 我们不应该许诺自己做不到的事,以防受到羞辱或威胁。
d) He took a taxi to the station so that / in order that he should / could / might not miss the train. 他打的去车站,本是为了不会误那趟列车。
e) I hired a boat so that we could go fishing. 我雇/租了一条船,本是为了我们能去钓鱼。
1-10-1)在对现在、过去、将来事实的虚拟表达中,当省略条件从句的连词if时,从句中的助动词、系动词或情态助动词须提到从句的主语前构成倒装。其基本形式为were(或 had, should)开头,后跟主语。如:
a) Were anyone an angel, no law would be necessary. 如果人人都是天使,法律就没有必要了。(对常态的虚拟)
b) Had he a life over again, everyone would/might/could be a winner. 假如还有来生,也许人人都是成功者。
1-10-2)在连词whether或though引导的让步状语从句的虚拟表达中,当省略连词whether或though时,系动词be须提至句首倒装。如:
c) Be a man very clever, he know nothing if he doesn’t learn. (= Though a man be very clever, / Whether how clever a man be, he know nothing if he doesn’t learn.)尽管一个人很聪明/无论一个人多么聪明,如果不学习,也会一无所知。
a) I only wish they had louder voices. 我就是希望他们发出的声音再大点儿。(对现在希望的虚拟,用一般过去时态)
b) He wishes he had kept at his childhood dreams. 他但愿当初坚守儿时的梦想。(对过去希望的虚拟,用过去完成时态)
c) The teacher wishes that you would keep on improving your English. 老师但愿你能持续不断地提高你的英语水平。(对将来希望的虚拟,用过去将来时态)
2-2)would/had rather或would/had sooner(宁可,宁愿)后接宾语从句中的虚拟,对现在或将来“宁愿”的虚拟,后接宾语从句中用一般过去时态;对过去“宁愿”的虚拟,后接宾语从句中用过去完成时态。如:
a) I would/had rather / would/had sooner you had more health than wealth. 我宁愿你拥有更多的健康而不是更多的财富。(对现在“宁愿”的虚拟)
b) I would/had rather (would/had sooner) my parents kept their mind and body active after retirement. 我宁愿父母退休后能够保特身心活跃。(对将来“宁愿”的虚拟)
c) At the time actually, I would/had rather (would/had sooner) I had stayed there than had gone home. 当时实际上我宁愿待在那儿,也不愿回家。(对过去“宁愿,而不愿”的虚拟)
【辨析:以上would/had rather / would/had sooner后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气要与后接动词原形的陈述语气相区别,试比较陈述语气:I would/had rather leave than stay to be insulted. 我宁愿离开也不愿留下受辱。】
2-3)表“建议、命令、要求、决定”等动词如suggest(建议,提议), order(命令), demand(要求), propose(建议), request(要求,请求), command(指令,命令), insist(坚持,强调), recommend(建议,推荐,劝告,介绍)等动词的后接宾语从句中的虚拟,其中的谓语动词用(should+)原形。如:
a) He insisted that I (should) go to his office at one o’clock. 他坚持要我一点钟去他办公室。
b) I suggest that we (should) do our best for building a community of shared future for human beings. 我建议我们应该为打造人类命运共同体而全力以赴。
【注意:此类动词若表示“建议、命令、要求”之外的意思,则其后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。如:The evidence suggests that single fathers are more likely to work than single mothers. 有证据提示,单身父亲比单身母亲更有可能去工作。】
虚拟语气常用在It is important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable, strange, natural) that...句型,或It is requested, (suggested, desired, proposed) that…句型中。由连词that引导的主语从句中谓语动词用(should+)动词原形(或should + have + 过去分词)或只用动词原形(美语特色),should是助动词,通常无词义。如:
a) It is proposed that he (should) be sent to study further abroad. 有人提议派他去国外进修。
这种主语从句中的助动词should有时带感情色彩,如:
b) It is strange that he should have gone away without telling us. 真奇怪,他竟然没告我们一声就走了。
4-1)在表“建议、命令、要求等”的名词作主语的表语从句中的虚拟语气,谓语动词用should+动词原形。如:
a) Our only request is that this should be settled completely. 我们唯一的请求就是彻底解决这个问题。
b) My advice is that you (should) quit smoking as soon as possible. 我的建议是你应该尽快戒烟。
常见的此类名词有:advice建议, demand强烈要求, order命令, insistence坚持/强调, desire渴望, requirement要求/需要, request请求, proposal提议, suggestion建议, command命令, decision决定, idea想法/意见。
a) His action is as if it were impossible to fail. 他的行动就像是不可能失败一样。
b) It seemed as if he were arrogant. 似乎他很傲慢。
在suggestion建议, proposal提议, idea想法/意见, plan计划, order命令, advice建议等名词后的同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,谓语动词用(should+)动词原形。如:
a) We all approve your proposal that we (should) prohibit setting off firecrackers. 我们全都赞成你所作出的关于禁止燃放烟花爆竹的提议。
b) Doctors give us some advice that we (should) pay more attention to our health. 医生们通常建议我们要更多地关注自己的健康状况。
6)虚拟语气的其他用法
6-1-1)在if only…(但愿,若是…该有多好)句中的虚拟,如:
a) If only you could understand me! 但愿你能理解我!
b) Look the weather!It"ll be almost hot to kill man! If only you had followed the advices related. 瞧这天气!快要热死人了!当初你们若能听从那些相关建议该有多好啊!
6-1-2)What if…? 要是/万一…,会怎么样/怎么办?
此句型是省略主句的结构,可看作是“What would happen if…? ”的省略式。如:
c) What if you shared your skills with others at work? 假如你在工作时与别人分享自己的技能会怎样?(对现在情况的虚拟)
d) What if you and your family were to spend just one week together every year? 假如你每年只能与家人共度一周,会怎样呢?(对将来情况的虚拟)
c) What if we should move the picture over there? 我们要是把这张画挪到那边会怎么样?
d) What if we should be late for school? 万一我们上学迟到了,怎么办?
6-2)在It is high/about time that…(是该/到了…的时候了)句型的that-从句中的虚拟,其中谓语动词用“过去式”或“should+动词原形”。如:
a) It is (about/high) time that you should go / went to work. 你该去干活儿了。
b) It’s (about/high) time that we should do / did all we can to help make a better life for the people around us. 我们该竭尽全力帮助我们周边的人创造更美好的生活了。
6-3)与表主观意愿动词相关的虚拟
英语中某些表主观意愿的动词具有共同用法,在其所后接的宾语从句中,以及在其所关联的主语从句或表语从句中的动词要使用虚拟语气,虚拟的谓语动词形式是“(should+)动词原形”。如:
a) Our research goals may require that we (should) try different approaches. 我们的研究目标或许要求我们应该尝试不同的方法。(宾语从句用虚拟)
b) It is suggested that you (should) listen effectively and you (should) find meaning and understanding in what it is being said. 建议你应该作有效的倾听,从所说的话语中领悟意义。(主语从句用虚拟)
c) What is demanded is that you (should) strive for excellence. 所要求的就是,你应该追求卓越。(表语从句用虚拟)
d) I am very busy every all day. I am wondering how I (should) have spare time for climacteric. 我每天都从早忙到晚,哪有时间更年啊!(宾语从句用虚拟)
此类动词包括:advise建议,advocate主张,agree同意,arrange协商,ask要求,beg恳求,command命令,decide决定,decree注定,demand要求,desire渴望, direct指示,enjoin吩咐/叮嘱,grant允许/准予,insist坚持,intend打算,maintain主张,move提议,order命令,prefer宁可,prescribe 规定,propose 建议,recommend推荐,request请求,require 要求,resolve决定,suggest 建议,urge敦促,will想要,wonder想知道/不知道。
6-4)与表主观意愿名词相关的虚拟
有许多表主观意愿的动词都有其同源名词,常见与这种名词相关的主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气,其虚拟的谓语动词形式与以上表主观意愿的动词相同。如:
a) It is generally thought to be of importance to a man that he (should) knowhimself. 普遍认为,对于一个人来说,自我了解是很重要的。(此处,主语从句是真实主语,it是形式主语;主语从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气;表主观意愿的名词是importance)
b) The first requirement of good conversation is that nobody (should) know what is coming next.巧妙谈话的第一必要条件就是没人知道你接下去要讲什么。(表语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气,表主观意愿的名词是requirement)
c) That’s my mother"s determination that I (should) learn the importance of education at the earliest possible moment.让我尽早认识到教育的重要性,那就是妈妈的决心。(同位语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气,表主观意愿的名词是determination)
这类名词包括:advice 建议,agreement协议,arrangement 安排,command命令,decision决定,demand 要求/需求,desire渴求,determination决定/决心, direction指示/指导, importance重要性, insistence坚持/坚决主张, intention意向/意图, motion意向/动意, order命令, preference偏爱/倾向, prescription指示, proposal提意/提案, recommendation推荐, request请求, requirement要求/需求, resolution决议/决心, suggestion建议, urge迫切要求/推动力。
6-5)与表主观意愿形容词相关的虚拟
常见表主观意愿的形容词在与其相关的补语从句、主语从句、表语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。如:
a) She was very anxious that her son (should) succeed. 她非常渴望儿子成功。(补语从句)
b) It is important that you (should) thank those who supported you through the disappointments. 重要的是,你应该感谢那些在你失望时始终支持你的人。(主语从句)
这类形容词包括:absurd荒唐的,advisable明智的,amazing惊人的,anxious 渴望的,appropriate 恰当的,best最适当的,compulsory强制的/必修的,crucial决定性的,desirable合意的,eager 渴望的/热切的,essential必不可少的,expedient权宜的,fitting合适的,imperative 必要的,important重要的,impossible不可能的,incredible难以置信的,insistent坚持不懈的,mandatory强制的/托管的,natural自然的/天生的,necessary必要的,obligatory义不容辞的,odd奇怪的,preferable更合意的,proper适当的,rational合理的/理性的,reasonable合理的/通情达理的,right正确的,shocking令人震惊的/可怕的/糟糕的,strange奇怪的,surprising令人惊讶的/意外的,unthinkable 不可思议的/过分的,urgent紧迫的/紧急的,vital至关重要的/生死攸关的,well良好的/适宜的。
6-6)固定虚拟表达
常见英语中有些虚拟语气已成固定习语,如:
a) God grant that men of justified principles shall be our leaders. 但愿正义之士成为我们的领导者。
b) May all the lovers in the world finally get married and grow old together in the end! 愿天下有情人终成眷属并白头偕老!
c) Suffice it (to say) that without leisure there is no liberty. 无闲暇,哪里有自由!有这一句足矣/一语中的。
d) Far be it from me to spoil the joyful atmosphere. 我绝不想/绝不敢破坏这欢乐的气氛。
e) A democratic and law-governed society is an ideal for which Mandela is willing to die if need(s) be. 一个民主法制的社会是曼德拉,如果必要的话,情愿为之付出生命的理想。
f) If you would not make friends with me, so be it. 如果你不愿和我交朋友,那就算了。
g) A friend should be, as it were, a second self. 可以说,朋友应该就是第二自我。
参考文献
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(待续)