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　　grammar and usage
　　(introduction to attributive clauses)
　　do you know the boy? do you like him? have you ever heard of him? yes. harry potter. he is a brave boy. he is a boy with glasses. do you know the meaning here? here is another sentence to describe harry potter. he is a boy who is brave and wearing glasses. can you translate this sentence into chinese? do you know what the underlined is called in english grammar? today we will deal with attributive clause.
　　the grammar item in this unit deals with attributive clauses. we’ll first learn about what an attributive clause is and the functions of relative pronouns and relative adverbs used to introduce attributive clauses. then we’ll learn the different usages of relative pronouns.
　　step 1: introduction to attributive clauses
　　an attributive clause is used to modify a noun and is usually put after the noun. you’re to learn different functions of relative pronouns or relative adverbs used in attributive clauses.
　　1. words on the blackboard:
　　an enjoyable experience, best friends, the rules of the school, the article about your experiences in the uk
　　read these phrases and point out the noun, the adjective or the prepositional phrase in each of them to make sure you know what nouns, adjectives and prepositional phrases are.
　　we usually use a noun after a preposition, and the preposition together with the noun is called the prepositional phrase.
　　decide what the function of an adjective or a prepositional phrase is in these examples. then translate them into chinese, and compare the different ways to express the same meaning in english and in chinese.
　　2. going over point 1 on p8
　　nouns can be modified by adjectives, prepositional phrases or attributive clauses. pay special attention to the different positions of the adjective (usually before nouns), the prepositional phrase or the attributive clause (after nouns).
　　now let’s look at the sentence on the blackboard: the team who were wearing green won the game.
　　the team here is the antecedent (the noun which an attributive clause modifies), who is a relative pronoun introducing the attributive clause who were wearing green, in which who refers to the team and is used as the subject in the attributive clause.
　　attributive clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns or relative adverbs, and their functions in the clause are different.
　　read the example sentences in point 2 and find out what function of the bold part in each sentence is. then point out the attributive clause in each sentence and translate the whole sentence into chinese, so that you can compare the different ways in which the attributive clause is expressed in english and in chinese.
　　read the article on page 9. make sure you can identify the attributive clauses. point out the antecedent, the relative pronoun or the relative adverb and its function in each sentence. then translate the sentences into chinese so as to compare the differences.
　　3. dealing with part c1 on page 88 in workbook to identify attributive clauses.
　　answers
　　paragraph 1：
　　david was one of the most helpful students that we ever had.(the antecedent: the most helpful students; the relative pronoun: that, used as the object in the clause)
　　in 1998, he went to oxford university where he got interested in chinese culture. (the antecedent: oxford university; the relative adverb: where, used as the adverbial in the clause)
　　paragraph 2:
　　some of the cities in china which he likes most are beijing, shanghai, harbin and nanjing. (the antecedent: some of the cities; the relative pronoun: which, used as the object in the clause)
　　most of the students that he taught have become his friends. (the antecedent: most of the students; the relative pronoun that, used as the object in the clause)
　　paragraph 3：
　　some of the books were gifts that he got from his chinese friends and students.
　　(the antecedent: gifts, the relative pronoun: that, used as the object in the clause)
　　the paintings that david donated to the school are being displayed in the assembly hall. (the antecedent: the paintings; the relative pronoun: that, used as the object in the clause)
　　answer
　　part c1 (page 88) 2 4 5 6 7 9
　　step2: relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom and whose
　　here i’d like you to know in what circumstances that, which, who, whom or whose is used, or can be left out.
　　1. read the three sentences in point 1 on page 10 and point out the antecedent in each sentence. ( the story, the cake and the book, all of which refer to things. ) when the antecedent is/are a thing/things, we usually use the relative pronoun that or which to introduce the attributive clause.the function of that/which in the attributive clause is the object.
　　2. read the three sentences in point 2 and point out the antecedent in each sentence. (a friend, the girl and the teacher.) when the antecedents are people, an attributive clause is often introduced by who. who is used as the subject in the clause. from tip box, we know that can also be used to refer to a person/people.
　　3. now let’s come to point 3. the antecedents in the two sentences are the teacher and the student. whom or who is used as the object in the attributive clause. in such case, who is more usual in oral english, while whom is more formal and often used in written english.
　　4. in point 4, the antecedents in the three sentences are all the birthday presents, something and the girl. all the presents and something refer to things, and the girl refers to a person. the relative pronouns that/which and that/who/whom are all used as the objects in the attributive clause and can be left out.
　　5. read the following sentences:
　　she has a brother. i can’t remember his name.
　　what does the word his refer to? (the brother’s.)
　　she has a brother whose name i can’t remember.
　　point out the antecedent here and make sure what the function of whose is in the attributive clause.
　　in point 5, whose in the first sentence refers to the girl’s and the club’s in the second sentence. when the antecedent functions as an attributive in the clause, whose is used and it should be used before a noun.
　　6. complete the conversation on page 11 inpidually. then read it in groups of three to check your answers.
　　answers
　　(1) that/ which (2) whose (3)who/ that (4) who/ whom/ that
　　(5) that/ which (6) that/ which (7) who/ that (8) that/ which (9) who/ that
　　7. deal with part c2 on page 88 in workbook to get more practice in how to form an attributive clause in a sentence.
　　answers
　　part c2 (page 88)
　　1. this is the school where/in which i studied five years ago.
　　2. in this school there are about 30 foreign students who/that have come to study the chinese language.
　　3. these students whose parents have come to china for business like the school very much.
　　4. the teaching building that/which was put up last year looks nice.
　　5. the man who is standing in front of the school library is the headmaster.
　　6. next to him stands a girl whose name is tina.
　　7. tina is a top student (who/whom) the school gave a medal to for winning the writing competition.
　　8. tina likes reading the novels which/that are written by charles dickens.
　　9. tina is the host of the school’s radio club that/which started was 2 years ago.
　　10. students like the school news (that/which) the radio club broadcasts.
　　resources
　　1. students may want to know more clearly about the usage of relative pronouns. a table can be used to explain as below:
　　relative pronouns used in attributive clauses
　　antecedent
　　subject
　　object
　　possessive
　　note
　　persons
　　who/that
　　whom/who/that
　　whose
　　a relative pronoun can be omitted when it is used as the object in an attributive clause
　　things
　　which/that
　　which/that
　　whose/of which
　　2. to understand attributive clauses better and use them correctly, students should be able to identify which word is the antecedent and know what it functions as in an attributive clause, so they can use a proper relative pronoun to introduce an attributive clause. here are more examples:
　　the girl who/that is standing next to our teacher is her daughter.
　　the girl (whom/who/that) our teacher is talking with is her daughter.
　　the girl whose mother is from britain can speak english very well.
　　i can’t find the book which/that is borrowed from the library.
　　i can’t find the book (which/that) you lent to me.
　　have you read the book whose author/the author of which is a high school student?
　　i used to study in a classroom whose windows/the windows of which were all broken.
　　sometimes the antecedent can be a pronoun, such as someone/sb., anyone/anybody, everyone/everybody, no one/nobody, sth, anything, everything, nothing, all, those, etc.
　　高考链接
　　1.is this the reason ______ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (XX上海春)
　　a. he explained b. what he explained
　　c. how he explained d. why he explained
　　2. recently i bought an ancient chinese vase, _____was very reasonable. (XX上海)
　　a. which price b. the price of which c. its price d. the price of whose
　　3. my friend, who ______ on the international olympic committee all his life, is retiring next month.（XX浙江）
　　a. served b. is serving c. had served d. has served
　　答案：1-3 abd