英语语法介词Preposition（Prep。）

　　一、定义：用在n.（或相当于n.的其它词类、短语或从句）之前，说明其与句子中另一成分的关系的词，又称前置词。
　　二、分类：3种
　　1．简单介词（simple prepositions）
　　e.g. about, above, behind, besides, down, during, in, near, round, since, towards, with
　　2．复合介词（compound prepositions）
　　e.g. from among, from behind, from under, inside, outside, within, without, into, onto, out of, upon, throughout
　　3．短语介词（phrasal prepositions）
　　e.g. according to, apart from（除……之外）, as a result of, as for/to（至于，关于）,
　　because of, due to（由于）, in addition to（除……之外，不但= besides, in front of,
　　in spite of(尽管), instead of, owing to（由于）
　　三、常见简单介词的基本用法
　　1.about 1)关于，有关 e.g.
　　i have not heard so much ~ him. i don’t know what you’re talking ~.
　　2）差不多，大约 e.g.
　　about 500 ss attended the lecture. about when will you go abroad?
　　3）表示地点：在周围，在附近，各处，到处 e.g.
　　trees are planted ~ the lake.
　　they live somewhere~ the people’s square.
　　don’t leave your books~ your desk. i haven’t any small change ~/on me.
　　4）＂即将＂（近期将来）e.g.
　　the film is ~ to begin. it’s nearly 7:00. the train is ~ to leave.
　　2.above 1）在……上方 e.g.
　　a bird is flying above the woods. there is a portrait above the blackboard.
　　2）（在数量上）超过 e.g.
　　the man is not yet forty, but well ~thirty.
　　the number of new ss this year is ~four hundred.
　　3）（能力等）胜过，超越；因太困难、太好而不…… e.g.
　　the problem is ~ me. （这问题太难我不懂。）
　　john is ~ all the other ss in mathematics.
　　3.across 1）在……对面/对过 e.g.
　　my uncle lives ~ my home. there is a bookshop ~ the street.
　　2）横越，横过 e.g.
　　the little girl helped the blind man ~ the river.
　　the tall tree fell down ~ the street.
　　3）经过…… e.g.
　　the revolution developed across the whole century.
　　4.after 1）在……后（时间） e.g.
　　after work/class, we went home except him.
　　the day ~ tomorrow we will go to shanghai.
　　2）在……的后面（顺序） e.g.
　　please shut/ close the door after/behind you.
　　3）仿照，按照（引申意义） e.g.
　　read after me , please. rewrite the following sentences ~ the model.
　　a new church will be built ~the old one.
　　4）追求（引申意义） e.g.
　　what are you after? oh, here is the thing i’m after.
　　if you run ~ two hares, you’ll catch neither.
　　5）固定词组： e.g.
　　after all look after = take care of
　　5.against 1）靠，倚，碰 e.g.
　　the rain was beating~ the windows. he put the ladder against the wall.
　　he was leaning ~the window, reading. the man saw a hare run ~ a tree.
　　2）反对，禁止（引申意义） e.g.
　　we are for peace and ~war. is there anybody ~ the suggestion?
　　3）违反，违背（引申意义） e.g.
　　this sentence is ~grammar.
　　in the old days girls were married ~ their own will.
　　nobody should do anything ~the law.
　　4）顶着，对着 e.g.
　　we played the first half （上半场）~ the wind.
　　learning is like sailing a boat ~ the current(气流).
　　治学如同逆水行舟。
　　5）防备，准备（引申意义） e.g.
　　they saved fire wood（干柴）~ winter. man is fighting a battle ~ pollution.
　　6.along 顺着，沿着 e.g.
　　trees are planted ~ the street.
　　walking ~ nanjing road yesterday, i met an old friend of mine.
　　7.among 在……当中/中间 3 e.g.
　　xiao sun is the best one ~ his classmates. the teacher is sitting~ the ss.
　　8.around 1）在……的周围，围绕 e.g.
　　she wears a necklace/watch ~ her neck/wrist.
　　the earth turns /goes/ travels ~ the sun.
　　2）在……各处 e.g.
　　he did a lot of travel ~ the country during the summer holidays.
　　we showed our japanese friends ~ our school.
　　3）大约（时间、数量） e.g.
　　around / about thirty years old a big elephant may weigh ~five tons.
　　4）在……那边 e.g.
　　there is a school shop ~ the school library.
　　around the corner of the street, you’ll see a second-hand bookshop.
　　（旧书店）
　　9.at 1）表示时间、地点、价钱、速度、年龄 e.g.
　　at ten o’clock at the school at the age of 40
　　at (a speed of ) 150 kilometres an hour
　　people like to buy eggs from him because he sells at a lower price.
　　note: 表示价格时，at须和price连用，如只说具体价钱，则用。e.g.
　　i bought this dictionary for 60 yuan.
　　2）表示动作之方向、目的：朝，向 e.g.
　　he threw a stone at a dog. the fox ran at the boy.
　　he shot at the bird, but missed it /didn’t shoot it .
　　3）处于某种状态（引申意义） e.g.
　　we are at meeting. the two countries are at war.
　　4）表示引起某种情绪的原因。 e.g.
　　we are surprised at your success. they were sad at hearing such bad news.
　　5）在……号召，召集，请求下（引申意义） e.g.
　　he wrote the letter at our request.
　　in october 1986, queen elizabeth ii of the great britain visited china at
　　the invitation of the chinese government.
　　6）固定词组中： e.g.
　　at first, at last, at (the )most, at (the )least, at once, at present, at home,
　　at night, at the beginning, at the same time, not at all etc.
　　10.before 1）在……的前面（位置）反义 behind e.g.
　　he was standing ~ the class, ready to speak.
　　never put the cart before the horse. 不要本末倒置。
　　2）在……以前（时间）反义 after e.g.
　　hand in your paper~ sunday. we get up ~ six every morning.
　　11.behind 1）在……的后面（位置） e.g.
　　the garage(车库)is ~ the house. he came out from ~ the door.
　　2）迟于，晚于，误时/点 e.g.
　　the train is behind time.
　　the plane was two hours ~ time because of the storm.
　　3）劣于，不如，落后 e.g.
　　my old father is behind the times.
　　because of his illness, he is ~ the others in his studies.
　　12.below 1）在……下面 e.g.
　　his office is below mine. the temperature today is ~ freezing point.
　　2）低于 e.g.
　　he is below me in the class.
　　13.beside 1）在……的旁边 e.g.
　　he sat beside me at dinner. the city’s largest stadium stands ~ a lake.
　　2）相比（引申意义） e.g.
　　my english is poor beside yours.
　　3）离题，与……无关 e.g.
　　this is ~ the topic for discussion.
　　what you are talking about is ~the point.
　　14.besides 除……之外（还） e.g.
　　we all went to beijing ~ our teacher.
　　i like mathematics, physics, besides english.
　　besides being the largest city in china, shanghai is also the centre of
　　industry, education, science and culture.
　　besides:表示加法，＂除了……还有……＂
　　except:表示减法，＂把……不算在其中＂ e.g.
　　he likes different kinds of sports besides football.
　　he likes different kinds of sports except football.
　　其它运动项目 + 足球 足球不在内的多种不同运动项目
　　note: expect for (除去部分与前面叙述内容不属于同一范畴)e.g.
　　his composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.
　　(expect for在意义上=except that)
　　15.between 1) 在两者之间 e.g.
　　come to my office between 10 and 11 o’clock.
　　what’s the difference between＂between＂and＂among＂?
　　2)表示两者以上的相互关系 e.g.
　　after they each touched the elephant, the six blind men quarreled
　　between themselves.
　　there is some little difference between the three words.
　　note: between & among e.g.
　　the village lies between the three hills. the teacher is sitting among the ss.
　　16.beyond 1)远在……之外 e.g.
　　they came from beyond the seas (海外).
　　the accident happened beyond the square.
　　beyond the village is a river. 村那面有条河.
　　2)超过,胜过,为……所不及 e.g.
　　the book is beyond me. 这本书我看不懂。
　　17.but 1)除了……之外( = except) e.g.
　　they all liked the film ~him. no one ~me was in the office just now.
　　i had nothing in the world but a million-pound note.
　　there is nothing for supper but some noodles.
　　notes: ①but prep.常与否定词连用;②but prep.可跟不定式。e.g.
　　the hibernating animals have no choice but to lie down and sleep.
　　i did nothing but watch tv last night.
　　i had nothing to do
　　如but前面有do或某种形式时, 常省略to。
　　2）用于固定词组中。 e.g.
　　①cannot help but do不能不…；忍不住… ②anything but根本不，决不
　　②nothing but只有，只不过是… ④but for要不是
　　i could not help but cry. 我忍不住哭了出来。
　　my income is anything but large. 我的收入绝对不能算多。
　　she is anything but honest. 她决非诚实之辈。
　　this is nothing but a joke.
　　but for the doctor, i might have died long ago.
　　18.by 1)靠近，在……旁边 e.g.
　　the new library stands by the river. there is a tall tree by the river.
　　he was standing by the window, reading.
　　2）由……旁边经过，路过，沿着 e.g.
　　i go by his office every day. he passed by me without saying a word.
　　3）用……方法/手段 e.g.
　　by bike, train, bus, plane, air, water, sea
　　the little match girl earned her living by selling matches.
　　rice seedlings (稻秧)used to be planted by hand.
　　4）表示程度、尺寸、数量、时间 e.g.
　　he is paid by the hour. what’s the time by your watch?
　　in the 100-metre race, john beat dick by a shoulder.
　　5）到……时候，不迟于 e.g.
　　i’ll return the books to him by wednesday morning.
　　he’ll certainly come by 5 o’clock..
　　by the end of last week, we had learned 15 units.
　　6）依据，奉命 e.g.
　　never judge people by their appearance / what they wear.
　　7）组成介词短语 e.g.
　　by and by （不久） one by one（一个个地）
　　day by day（天天不断地） step by step（一步步地）
　　side by side（肩并肩） little by little（逐渐地）
　　by chance （偶然，碰巧） by heart（默记下来）
　　by oneself（独自地） by the way（顺便提 / 问一下）
　　19.down 1）往下 e.g.
　　the boy fell down the stairs and broke his arm.
　　it was almost dark when he went down the hill.
　　2） up down
　　城市、北、河上游、近处 乡村、南、河下游、远处 e.g.
　　they were swimming up /down the river. i’ll go up to tianjin tomorrow.
　　do you see the man walking down the street? he’s my uncle.
　　(并非路面此高彼低，而是那个人离说话人而去。)
　　20.during 在……的期间 / 时候 e.g.
　　the story happened ~ the (american) civil war.
　　during the day, the light comes in through the window.
　　lao wang was in charge of the factory ~ the manager’s absence.
　　go over your lessons ~ your holidays.
　　21.except 除……以外 e.g.
　　we have lessons except sunday.
　　22.for 1)为了（表示目的，指人、物） e.g.
　　i came here for my pen. what are you doing that for?
　　i bought the watch for my wife’s brother as a present.
　　2）赞成，支持（表示同意、愿望等） e.g.
　　i don’t like summer, i’m for cool weather. we are for peace and against war.
　　3）替，为，对于，供 e.g.
　　i wrote a letter for him. (i wrote a letter to him.是何义？)
　　i’ll read the report for you. (i’ll read the report to you. 是何义？)
　　that’ll be bad for your health.
　　4）就……而言 e.g.
　　you look young for your age.
　　the temperature is still above 33 . it’s certainly hot for september.
　　5）表示目的：去，向 e.g.
　　let’s go for a walk /dinner. the train for taiyuan
　　6）限定于，供……用的，给……的 e.g.
　　these tickets are for tomorrow.
　　there is a tv set, a telephone and other necessities. they are all for you.
　　7）当作，作为 e.g.
　　we took him for an honest man.
　　8）由于，因为……的缘故 e.g.
　　he was sent to prison for stealing.
　　9）it is /was + adj. /n. + for/ of sb. to do sth.
　　23.from 1）自从，来自 e.g.
　　i am (come) / was (came) from wuhan. 我是武汉人 /我从武汉来。
　　susan comes from a working class family.
　　2）离……（有多远） e.g.
　　my office is far from here. the park is just five minutes’ walk from here.
　　3）表示原因，来源 e.g.
　　suffer from die from/ of
　　4）固定词组中 e.g.
　　⑴be made from/ of ⑵from the (very)beginning
　　⑶from beginning to end ⑷from morning to/till evening/night
　　⑸from now /then /today on ⑹from time to time
　　⑺from day to day ⑻from bad to worse
　　⑼from village to village(house ,person,…)⑽be absent from
　　⑾be different from ⑿prevent…(from)doing…
　　24.in 1）在……范围和空间内 e.g.
　　in a village in a tree in the bed in the sun in the rain in her hand
　　there are many apples on the apple tree.
　　2）在某种状态、境遇下；穿着某种衣服 e.g.
　　he nodded in satisfaction. she is in white /blue /yellow /green /red.
　　3）表示时间：a. 在……世纪，……年……月 e.g.
　　in the 20th century in may, 1983 in the 1870s
　　note: in the thirties   in his thirties
　　在30年代 在他三十几岁时
　　b. 从现在算起若干时间以后。e.g.
　　he will come back in two weeks. (how soon)
　　c. 在……时间内 e.g.
　　rome was not built in a day. （英谚： 大器晚成）
　　zhou yu ordered zhuge liang to make 100,000 arrows in one month.
　　liang did it in three days.
　　4）在……方面 e.g.
　　i’m weak in english.
　　in building socialism, we need to learn good experience from other nations.
　　have some/ no difficulty /trouble (in)doing …
　　5）表示方式、手段 e.g.
　　in english in pen /pencil with a pen/pencil
　　in a bus /train by bus /train on his bike
　　6）固定词组 e.g.
　　in all总共，总计 in public 公开地 in turn 轮流地
　　in one’s opinion在某人看来 in secret 秘密地 in return作为回报
　　in short总之 in need (of)需要 in a way在某种意义上，从某种意义上说
　　in fact in front of in (the)future in time in trouble in a word
　　in other words in a hurry in spite of 尽管 in the world
　　25.like 象，似，和……一样 e.g.
　　to swim like a fish
　　like lei feng, we must serve the people heart and soul.
　　in his opinion, coca cola tastes like medicine.
　　26.near 1)在……的附近 e.g.
　　don’t sit near the tv set, you may get near-sighted.
　　our school is quite near my home.
　　2）将近（时间） e.g.
　　it’s lunch time. shall we stop work? he is near twenty years old.
　　note: near与 near to同义，near普遍。但在比较级及最高级中，to不能省。
　　he lives nearer / nearest to the department store.
　　27.of 1)＂的＂（所有格）。 e.g.
　　the name of the book the map of hangzhou
　　the legs of the desk the tail of a pig
　　2）表示同位关系。 e.g.
　　the city of rome /pisa/tianjin the town of youguzhuang
　　i’m sending my best wishes to the two of you for a happy life.
　　3）用在表示数量、种类等意义的词组中。 e.g.
　　a piece of chalk a glass of bear a cup of tea
　　a group of ss a kind of food a lot of time/ books
　　4）表示动宾关系。 e.g.
　　the defence of yan’an love of study / one’s country
　　this book is helpful to my study of english.
　　parents’ love of children is most touching.
　　5）用于某些比较级和最高级的结构中。 e.g.
　　of the two brothers which is the taller? of all fruits i like orange best.
　　of all the stars in the sky, the sun is the nearest to us / the earth.
　　of all the ss in our class, chen yilong is the tallest.
　　note: 在带这种of短语的句子中，比较级前要用the。 e.g.
　　of the horse and dog, which runs the faster?
　　6)of 与age, height, size, weight, colour连用时可以省略。 e.g.
　　i have a daughter (of) your age.
　　we are (of) the same age, height, weight, size.
　　28.off 1）从……离开，分离 e.g.
　　keep off the grass. while cleaning the window, he fell off the chair.
　　2）扣除 e.g.
　　if you buy a dozen, i will give you 10% off the price.
　　you can get ten points for each correct answer. but if your answer is wrong,
　　10 points will be taken off you.
　　29.on 1)表示接触（不一定在上面） e.g.
　　there are a few flies on the ceiling. there is a picture on the wall.
　　i want to be a sailor sailing on the sea.
　　2）在某天、某天的早晨、上午、晚上 e.g.
　　on saturday / wednesday on oct10th,XX
　　on the morning /evening of oct10 /the bicycle race
　　3）原始概念＂接触＂，引申意义＂在进行中＂e.g.
　　on fire on sale
　　he is on duty now. they are on holiday in dalian.
　　4）关于，论及 e.g.
　　on practice《实践论》 a book on english /radio
　　he is on the committee.他是委员会委员之一。 （属于）
　　have you any idea on the subject? this book is on basic english grammar.
　　a lecture will be given on how to use prepositions.
　　5）（表示时间）在……时候；刚一……就 e.g.
　　he said hello on seeing me.
　　on hearing the news, they jumped with joy.
　　on his (kunta’s) arrival he was sold to a farmer and worked in the fields.
　　6）固定结构 e.g.
　　⑴on duty ⑵on time ⑶on fire ⑷on the one hand ⑸on the other hand
　　⑹on display（展出） ⑺on sale（出售） ⑻ on leave（在休假）
　　⑼on purpose（故意） ⑽ on the whole（总的说来）⑾on the left /right
　　⑿on the spot（当场） ⒀on and off =off and on（断断续续）
　　⒁on and on 不停地 ⒂and so on （等等）
　　30.over 1）在……的上面（ ） e.g.
　　the sun shines over the earth in the daytime.
　　the sky over me was clear and beautiful.
　　2）（数量上）超过 = more than e.g.
　　i think he is well over /above 50, and yet (he is )so strong.
　　over two hundred ss attended the meeting.
　　3）越过 e.g.
　　many times he has swum over the yangtze river.
　　there is bridge over the river.
　　zhang jian swan ~ the english channel successfully in XX.
　　4）在……时间中 e.g.
　　you have made great progress in your studies over the past year.
　　some of the rubbish, rots away over a long period of time.
　　31.past 1) 过了……（时间、年龄） e.g.
　　half a year past middle age
　　2) 从…… 穿过去 e.g.
　　he walked   me without (saying ) a word.
　　when i went   the p. o. this morning, i saw people lining up for a
　　dragon stamp.
　　32.(a)round 1).环绕，在…… 周围 e.g.
　　to sit  the table the earth goes / turns / moves  the sun.
　　2) 在各处； 到处
　　to look   the room 环顾全室to travel  the country 在全国各地旅游
　　3）= about (约)
　　33.since 自从……以来
　　i have worked for 21 years   i came here .
　　he has been in poor health   the beginning of the term.
　　note : since 强调从过去延续到现在的一段时间完成发生之事 （完成时）
　　after 仅表示过去某一时间后的情况 （过去时）
　　e.g. since then he has met a lot of trouble. after that he met a lot of trouble.
　　34.through 1) (表地区) 通过， 经过
　　walk through the gate look through 透过…… 看
　　a little river runs   the village. the rain beat in   the broken window.
　　2) 用某种工具， 通过某种方式， 由于某种原因 e.g.
　　he learned english ~ tv. i learned the news ~ him.
　　the accident happened ~ the driver’s carelessness.
　　3）整个……期间 e.g.
　　he was asleep ~ the meeting. all ~ the winter
　　i’ll never forget the lesson(教训)all my life.
　　35.till 1）到……为止； 2）直到 e.g.
　　from morning till /to night
　　i stayed in the office till 7 o’clock. i’ll wait for you till your return.
　　36.to 1）（表示方向）向，往；（针）对 e.g.
　　i took my daughter to the zoo yesterday. japan is /lies to the east of china.
　　the way~ the factory fall ~the ground turn ~the left
　　2）到，迄（表示时间、数量、范围、程度） e.g.
　　a quarter to nine to this day (直到今天)
　　i think he is (from)30 to 35.
　　3）（表示对比；比较）比；对 e.g.
　　ten to one 十比一；十有八九
　　2 is to 6 as 3 is to 9. 二比六等于三比九。
　　4）按照，适合；伴随音乐 e.g.
　　make…to one’s (own)measure 按照某人（自己）的尺寸做……
　　she sang to the piano. they danced to the music.
　　in competitions women perform some of their exercises to music, so
　　dance, gymnastics and music are all connected. (sb iii, p.50)
　　5）固定词组中 e.g.
　　heart to heart (talk)促膝（谈心） shoulder to shoulder
　　knee to knee促膝 face to face
　　to the end 到底 to the point切题
　　to one’s taste 合某人口味 to one’s mind在某人看来
　　to one’s joy, delight, happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, disappointment, etc.
　　37.toward(s) 1）向（表示方向 = to） e.g.
　　he walked ~ the north. she sat with his back ~ the window.
　　2）对于，对待（=to） e.g.
　　don’t be cruel ~ animals. teachers should be strict ~ their ss.
　　3）（指时间、年龄）快到，接近 e.g.
　　it must be ~ four o’clock. his father is ~ 50.
　　towards evening, the wind started blowing hard.
　　38.under 1）在……下面（ ） e.g.
　　he stood under a tree. book under arm under the table
　　2）在……领导，指导，统治，控制之下 e.g.
　　under the correct leadership of the party, the life of the chinese people
　　is getting better and better.
　　they made a successful experiment ~ the guidance of their teacher.
　　3）（表示主语状况、状态）在修理、建造、治疗中 e.g.
　　the house is ~ repair. another modern hotel is ~ construction.
　　he is ~ medical treatment. the new plan is ~ discussion.
　　4）不到（表示年龄、数量等） e.g.
　　the girl is under 10 years old.
　　in the year XX, a man named johnson from canada, ran a hundred
　　metres under ten seconds.
　　39.until 1）直到（ = till ） e.g.
　　the two friends talked ~ midnight.
　　xiao gang kept(on)writing his composition ~ 10 o’clock, forgetting his supper.
　　2）直到……才（用于否定句） e.g.
　　the rain did not stop ~ this morning.
　　the heavy fog did not disappear ~ after 9 o’clock when the sun came out.
　　40.up(与down反义) 1）向上 e.g.
　　seeing a large bear coming towards him, the man quickly climbed up a tree.
　　he went up the hill to see the famous church.
　　2） up down
　　城市、北、河上游、近处 乡村、南、河下游、远处 e.g.
　　we first visited nanjing, and then went up the guangzhou-beijing
　　railway line.
　　just then, they saw a car racing at top speed up the road.
　　（汽车迎着他们飞驰而来。）
　　41.with 1）用（工具、器械等） e.g.
　　most people write with their right hand.
　　in this way, they killed two birds with one stone.
　　he wrote the letter with a pen /pens. (具体工具)
　　in pen. （原材料）
　　2）和，与，同 e.g.
　　as it was beginning to rain, he went out ~ an umbrella.
　　yesterday he went to the cinema ~ his father.
　　3）穿，戴，有 e.g.
　　he went to the seaside with sun glasses and a white cap on his hand.
　　china is a large country ~ a long history.
　　i saw an old man with grey hair.
　　i bought a book ~ a lot of pictures in it.
　　4）由于 e.g.
　　hearing the good news, we jumped with joy.
　　with a family of eight to support, the man could not enjoy himself
　　with icecream.
　　5）随着 e.g.
　　with the passing of the years, his hair became white.
　　with the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more
　　waste is produced.
　　6）尽管 e.g.
　　with all his wealth, he is unhappy.
　　7）和……同时 e.g.
　　i get up with the sun. (天一亮我就起床。)
　　with these words, he left the meeting-room
　　8）用于被动 e.g.
　　the ground /mountain was covered with snow. （状态）
　　sometimes the streets are covered with ice. （状态）
　　四、一些表示时间的介词用法比较
　　1． since一段时间的起点，与完成时连用
　　from某时间的起点，常与to/ till连用 e.g.
　　from 8 to 10 from 1840 to 1997 from monday to friday
　　he has written two novels since XX.
　　2. till连续一段时间的终点
　　by完成的期限＂到时候已经＂
　　to几点差几分的钟点，或与from连用 e.g.
　　i’ll stay here till 6. i’ll be here by 6.
　　from (the )beginning to (the) end a quarter to five
　　3． in从现在算起的一段时间结束时
　　after不从现在算起的一段时间或时间的一点之后 e.g.
　　i’ll be back in three days.
　　he came back after a week /a week later.
　　i’ll go to the playground after class /dinner.
　　4. for 一段时间，回答 how long提出的问题
　　during 一个时期，回答 when提出的问题 e.g.
　　you’ve learned english for over 5 years. i’ll stay in harbin for a month.
　　he often falls asleep during the lesson.
　　五、一些表示空间的介词用法
　　（一）地点
　　to at (away)from away from
　　x •x x x•
　　1 2 3 4
　　e.g. 1.he went to the door.
　　2.he stayed at home.
　　3.he came from the station.
　　4.he went away from the school.
　　(二)线段
　　on(to) on off off across along
　　1 2 3 4 5 6
　　e.g. 1.the monkey jumped on to the crocodile’s back.
　　2.nanjing is on the changjiang river.
　　3.we start off at 7.
　　4.he stood off the road.
　　5.he walked across the street.
　　6.he walked along the river /street.
　　（三）平面
　　on(to) on off off across through
　　1 2 3 4 5 6
　　e.g.1.he fell on to the floor.
　　2.there is a pencil on the desk.
　　3.he took the portrait off the wall.
　　4.the portrait is off the wall. 画没贴墙上。
　　5.he took a walk /walked across the fields.
　　6.he looked through the window.
　　（四）区域
　　in (to) in out of out of through
　　1 2 3 4 5
　　e.g.1.he arrived in the city.
　　2.he has a house in the city.
　　3.they flew out of the country.
　　4.he stayed out of the house.
　　5.he went for a walk through the park.
　　（五）立体
　　into in out of out of through
　　1 2 3 4 5
　　e.g.1.he ran into the house.
　　2.there are many students in the classroom.
　　3.he climbed out of the lake.
　　4.he was out of the room.
　　5.the wind blew through the trees.
　　五、常见介词用法比较
　　1.at 小地方 in大地方 e.g.
　　he arrived at he station at ten. he arrived in the city /china in may.
　　2. 斜 above 上方 over 正 e.g.
　　below 下方 under
　　the water came above our knees. his office is below mine.
　　the lamp hangs over the desk. the dog is lying on the table.
　　3.between & among
　　4.besides & except
　　5.in & with
　　6.by行为执行者 with具体工具 e.g.
　　he was killed by the enemy. the paper was cut by a knife.
　　7. in 在某范围以内的地方
　　to 在某范围以外的地方
　　on 表示＂毗邻、接壤＂ e.g.
　　fujian lies /is in the south of china.
　　fujian lies/ is to the south of jiangsu province.
　　mongolia lies on the north of china.
　　china faces the pacific on the east. = china lies /is on the west of the pacific.