高考英语第二轮专题复习直接引语转换为间接引语的关键时态

　　直接引语转换为间接引语的关键――时态
　　在我们平时的考试中对直接引语的考查主要体现在对时态、语态、交际等各种具体语法项目的考察上，并已形成了在具体的语境和交际中综合考查语法基本知识的模式。一般来讲,说话人讲的内容可以用两种方式来引用，即直接引语和间接引语。前者是直接引用别人的原话;后者是转述别人的话。如：he said，＂i am very happy．＂为直接引语。而he said that he was very happy．为间接引语。said称为引话动词，它前面的主语he称为第一主语。引语中的主语，如i及he，称为第二主语。引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。当直接引语转换为间接引语时，可能会涉及到动词、时态、人称、句型等的变化，现在就时态在转换中需要注意的问题向大家做一介绍。
　　直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的变化。一般规律是：现在时改为过去时；过去时改为完成时；过去完成时不变。如：
　　she said, ＂i had been here for three days before i met jim.＂  she said she had been there for three days before she met jim.
　　she said, ＂we agree with each other.＂  she said they agreed with each other.
　　但更要注意在以下几种情况下，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
　　1）若直接引语为一般现在时，且表示反复出现或经常性、习惯性的动作时。如：
　　tom said, ＂ i have lunch at school every day.＂
　　tom said that he has lunch at school every day.
　　2）直接引语中有具体的表示过去时间的年、月、日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
　　i said, ＂i was born on december 2l, 1960.＂
　　i said i was born on december 21, 1960.
　　3）若直接引语所表述的事在目前和说话时同样有效时。如：
　　she said, ＂i like playing football.＂
　　she said that she likes playing football.
　　4）若直接引语表述的是客观事实、科学真理和格言时。如：
　　the old man said, ＂there are twelve months a year.＂
　　the old man said that there are twelve months a year.
　　5）若主句的时态是一般现在时、现在完成式、现在进行时或一般将来时时。如：
　　he often says, ＂i will never forget you.＂  he often says he will never forget me.
　　he will say, ＂i have done my best.＂  he will say that he has done his best.
　　6）若直接引语是过去完成时。如：
　　the girl said to her mother, ＂i had finished my homework before supper.＂
　　the girl told her mother that she had finished her homework before supper.
　　7）若在当天转述别人的话，且直接引语中含有明确的表示过去的时间状语时。如：
　　lily said to me, ＂i was late for class yesterday.＂
　　lily told me that she was late for class yesterday.
　　8）若直接引语中含有when, since, while等引导的表示过去的时间状语从句,变间接引语时,从句时态不变。如：
　　she said, ＂i went there when i was six years old.＂
　　she said she had gone there when she was six years old.
　　9）若对刚说过的话马上转述时。如：
　　jim: i have been a teacher.
　　lucy: what did jim say?
　　tom: jim said that he has been a teacher.
　　10）若直接引语的谓语中含有would, should, might, must, used to, ought to, had better等情态动词没有过去时的形式或已经是过去时的形式，变为间接引语时，时态不再变化。如：
　　she said, ＂we should help each other.＂
　　she said we should help each other.
　　【跟踪精练】
　　1. he said that________ at six every morning.
　　a. he got up b. he gets up c. i get up d. i got up
　　2. miss li says that she________ in beijing in october, 1980.
　　a.is born b. has been born c. was born d. being born
　　3.she said that practice _____ perfect knowledge .
　　a. makes b. made c. has been made d. has made
　　4. she says, ＂i will remember you.＂  she says that ________ .
　　a.she will remember me b. i would remember you
　　c. she remembers me d. i will remember you
　　5. mr. zhang said that liu tao ________ good student.
　　a. was a b. is a c. has been d. had been
　　6. he said, ＂they had left when i got here.＂  he said that they ________ when he got there.
　　a. have left b . had left c. left d. was leaving
　　7. my teacher said i ______ for school when i was young.
　　a.used to be later b. used to being late c. had used to be late d. used to be late
　　8. she said that the plane ________ at 9:20 a.m.
　　a.will take off b. takes off c. would take off d. took off
　　9. he is saying to me that ________ .
　　a. he was watching tv when she came in
　　b. he had been watched tv when she came in
　　c. i was watching tv when she was coming in
　　d. i watched tv when she came in
　　10. he said where there is a will, there is a way.
　　a.where there is a will, there is a way
　　b. where there was a will , there was a way
　　c. where there has been a will, there has been a way
　　d. where there have a will, there have a will
　　keys: 1-5 bc a a b 6-10 b d b a a