Unitampnbsp14ampnbspZoologyampnbsp知识点拨

　　unit 14 zoology [知识点拨]
　　he marked all the bees that came to the nearby feeding place blue, and all the bees that went to the faraway place were marked red.
　　他给所有来到近的喂食处的蜜蜂标上蓝色，给飞到远的喂食处的蜜蜂标上红色。
　　【点拨】faraway(远方的)是由 far   away构成的合成形容词。 nearby(附近的)是由 near  by构成的合成形容词。它们在句中都作定语。
　　a faraway forest(远处的森林)，faraway times(遥远的时代)；
　　a nearby hotel(附近的一家旅店)，nearby hills(附近的小山)。注意：faraway在作定语时通常都连写，作表语或作状语时则分写(far away)。如： e.g. the house is not far away. 那座房子并不远。 he lives far away from the school. 他住得离学校很远。 nearby既可作定语，又可作状语；既可以连写(nearby)，也可以分写(near by)，还可以加连字符(near-by)。
　　e.g. i saw her going to a near-by post-box before lunch. 我看到她午饭前去附近的信箱投信。
　　they live nearby----less than a kilometer.
　　他们住在附近，不到一公里。he gave up his seat to the old man standing near by.
　　他把座位让给站在附近的老人了。
　　they discovered that the farther away the feeding station was, the slower the dance was. 　　他们发现，喂食处越远，舞蹈动作的速度就越慢。
　　【点拨】＂the+比较级……，the+ 比较级……＂的意思是：＂越……，就越……＂
　　这种结构用来表示两从此过程按比例同时递增。前一句为从句，后一句为主句。这种结构常以省略形式出现，句式精炼简短，表意有力。例如：
　　e.g. the sooner, the better. 越快越好。
　　the more, the better. 越多越好。
　　the more, the merrier. 人越多，越好玩。
　　the more he gives his children, the more they want.
　　给孩子越多，他们要的越多．
　　the higher we stand, the farther we see.
　　站的越高，看的越远
　　the more he explains, the more i am puzzled.
　　他越解释，我越迷惑．
　　so another astonishing fact came to light. 于是又发现一个令人惊讶的情况。
　　【点拨】come to light作＂发现＂、＂暴露＂(to be discovered/ exposed)解。e.g. new facts about the ancient egypt have recently come to light. 有关古埃及的史实，最近已有新发现。
　　she was very pleased when the long-lost ring came to light.
　　当很久前丢失的戒指被找到时，她高兴万分．
　　the secret didn’t come to light until the old man died.
　　直到老人死后，秘密才被揭露．
　　integrating skills
　　apes use sight more than smell. 猿不仅用嗅觉,而且使用视觉.
　　【点拨】more than 用法小结
　　1. more than后面跟名词，意为＂不只是，不仅仅是＂。
　　e.g. hibernation is more than sleep.
　　冬眠不只是睡觉。
　　kate was more than a teacher. she also did what she could to take care of her pupils.
　　凯特不仅仅是位教师，她还尽其所能照顾她的学生。
　　2. more than与数词连用，意思是＂多于，大于，超过＂。
　　e.g. i have known him for more than twenty years.
　　我认识他已超过二十年了。
　　more than ten policemen turned up at the spot where the accident happened.
　　十多位警察出现在出事地点。
　　3. more than与形容词和分词连用，表示＂非常、十分＂。
　　e.g. they were more than happy to see us come back from the expedition.
　　看到我们远征而归，他们异常高兴。
　　i was more than surprised to see the lion standing at the body.
　　看到那头狮子站在尸体旁边，我非常惊讶。
　　4. more than与动词连用，对动词起着加强语气的作用。
　　e.g. repeated advertising will more than increase product sales.
　　多次做广告意味着增加产品的销售。
　　his progress in english learning more than encouraged him to learn the subject well. 在英语学习方面的进步激励他学好这门课程。
　　5. more than和含有情态动词的句子连用，有否定意义，表示＂是……难以……＂或＂超过了……所能＂之义。
　　e.g. the beauty of the mountainous country is more than i can describe.
　　我难以描述那个山村的美丽。
　　this problem is more than a child like jack can settle.
　　这一问题超出了像杰克这样的小孩的解决能力。
　　6. no more than意思是＂仅仅，不过，只是＂。
　　e.g. all his education added up to no more than one year.
　　他接受的所有的学校教育只有一年。
　　their new flat has no more than 60 square metres.
　　他们的新居只有60平方米。
　　7. not more than表示＂至多，不超过＂
　　e.g. lying on the ground was a peasant boy of not more than seventeen.
　　躺在地上的那个农家男孩最多十七岁。
　　while their societies are different, they all communicate and be have in advanced ways.
　　虽然它们生活的社会环境不同,它们却都以高级方式交流.
　　【点拨】while连词,意为＂尽管;虽然＂;其用法大致有以下四种用法:1.引导时间状语从句,意为＂当……的时候;和……同时＂,此时的主从句谓语动作同时发生,从句谓语通常是延续性动词。
　　e.g. mary watched tv while she ate her supper.
　　玛丽边吃饭边看电视。while she was listening to the radio, she fell asleep.
　　她听着收音机睡着了。
　　while引导从句时,如主从句的主语一致,且从句谓语又含有be,则从句主语和be可省略。while后可直接跟现在分词、名词、形容词或介词短语。
　　e.g. we are teachers while (we are) serving as students.
　　我们边当老师边当学生。while (he was) yet a youth, he gained many prizes.
　　他年轻时就曾多次获奖。he caught a cold while(he was) on vacation.
　　他度假时患了感冒。
　　2.表示对比或转折,意为＂而;然而＂。此时,while一般位于句中。
　　e.g. some people waste food while others haven＂t enough.
　　有些人浪费粮食,然而有些人却吃不饱。you like sports, while i prefer music.
　　你喜欢体育,而我更喜欢音乐。
　　3.表示让步,通常位于句首,意为＂尽管;虽然＂。
　　e.g. while i agree with your reasons, i can＂t allow it.
　　尽管我同意你的理由,但我不能允许这样做。while he loves his students, he is very strict with them.
　　虽然他爱他的学生,可是他对学生们很严格。while (he was) respected, he is not liked.
　　他虽受人尊敬,但并不被人喜欢。
　　4.表示条件,意为＂只要＂,其意思和用法相当于as long as。while可位于句首,也可位于句中。
　　e.g. you don＂t have to worry while we are here.
　　只要我们在,你就别着急。
　　there will be life while there is water and air.
　　只要有空气和水,就有生命。while there is life, there is hope.
　　留得生命在,不怕没希望。
　　5.意为＂同时;也＂。如:e.g. while the book is welcomed by scholars, it will make an immediate
　　appeal to the general readers.
　　这本书受到学者的欢迎,同时也会引起一般读者的兴趣。
　　6.意为＂趁着＂。
　　e.g. make hay while the sun shines.
　　晒草要趁阳光好。(谚)strike while the iron is hot.
　　趁热打铁。(谚)while the roses are yet in bloom, will you come with me to see them?
　　趁着玫瑰花还开着,你和我一道去看看好吗?
　　sometimes they warn each other of danger, and they also communicate simply to keep in touch.
　　于是它们互相提醒危险,它们交流仅仅是为了保持联系.
　　【点拨】 warn sb. of sth．＂警告某人某事＂，不能说 warn sb＂s sth．。
　　e.g. we warned him of the dangerous bridge，but he didn＂t believe．
　　我们警告他那座桥危险，但是他不相信。
　　类似这样的结构用法的动词还有:
　　一. 表示＂通知(inform)；警告(warn)；指责(accuse)；使想起(remind)＂等意思的一些动词。在这一结构中，of的意思相当于 about。
　　e.g. on the way home my father told me of an accident that took place on his first day at school in mr. crossett＂s class．
　　在回家的路上,父亲给我讲了他第一天上学时在克罗塞特先生课上的一件事。
　　we shall inform you of the date of the delegation＂s arrival．
　　我们将把代表团到达的日期通知你。 the teacher accused jim of cheating in the examination．
　　老师责备吉姆考试作弊。 her face reminded me of her mother．
　　她的模样使我想起了她的母亲。 how can i persuade him of her innocence？
　　我怎样使他相信她是清白无辜的？
　　二、表示＂抢夺(rob)；剥夺；解除(cure, heal)；免除(rid)＂等意思的动词。
　　e.g. paralysis robbed him of his ability to do physical labor．
　　瘫痪使他丧失了劳动力。 the doctor used special medicines to cure him of the measles．
　　医生使用特效药治愈了他的麻疹。 the medicine healed me of my bad cold．
　　这药治愈了我的重感冒。 it is not easy to rid oneself of a bad habit．
　　改掉一个人的坏习惯是不容易的。
　　he cleared the pavement of withered leaves．
　　他清除了人行道上的落叶。
　　they stripped the writer of his right to publish his books．
　　他们剥夺了这位作家出版作品的权利。 she rushed up to relieve me of my suitcase．
　　她跑过来接过我手中的衣箱。 our army disarmed the enemy of his weapon．
　　我军缴械了敌人的武器。
　　类似的动词还有：abridge（剥夺）， purge（洗清），disabuse（去掉），despoil（抢劫），pert（脱去），deprive（剥夺）等。三、表示＂骗取(fool)＂、＂诈骗(cheat)＂等意思的一些动词。 在这一结构里，通常在of前加上 out，out of表示＂丧失＂，但out可以省略不用。 e.g. how can you fool the little girl（out） of her money？
　　你怎么能诈骗那个小女孩的钱财呢？ the beggar cheated the little boy（out）of his candy．
　　那乞丐骗取了那个小男孩的糖。
　　【点拨】 simply的意思和用法
　　（1）simply是副词，在对话中意为＂really(真正)＂、＂very (much)（非常）＂。
　　e.g. the film is simply wonderful. 这影片真是太美妙了。
　　she looks simply lovely. 她看起来的确可爱。
　　his pronunciation is simply terrible. 他的发音简直差透了。
　　they had simply no shame. 他们简直不知羞耻。
　　（2）simply亦可解释为＂朴素地＂、＂朴实地＂、＂无装饰地＂。
　　e.g. he is simply dressed. 他衣着朴素。
　　（3）simply还可作＂仅仅，只不过＂解，相当于only。
　　e.g. it is simply a question of time. 这只不过是个时间问题。
　　you must believe me simply on my word. 你必须完全照我的话相信我。
　　it is simply a matter of working hard. 此事只是努力去做的问题。
　　（4）还可解释为＂简单地＂、＂简明地＂。
　　e.g. the cake is made quite simply. 这糕做起来很简单。
　　the teacher explained the text quite simply. 老师简单地解释了一下课文。
　　what may be of greater importance is to observe how primates live in the world.
　　比较重要的事情是观察灵长目动物是怎样生活的．
　　【点拨】这个句子涉及到 ＂of+抽象名词＂相当于该名词相应的形容词。不过，这种结构常用于较正式的场合，书面语中尤为常见。再看下面几个句子：
　　e.g. this book will be of great value to him in his students. (=be very valuable)
　　the book is of much interest. (=be very interesting)
　　常用于这一结构的修饰语还有：great，little ,some ,any, no, not, much等
　　常见的抽象名词有importance, value, use, help, benefit(利益、好处)，significance(意义、重要性)。最后需要提及的是，＂be of + 名词＂结构的否定形式一般采用否定名词的做法：
　　＂be of no + 名词＂。
　　e.g. he is of no colour, for he has been ill for two weeks.
　　他毫无血色，因为他患疾两周了。
　　as far as the study of english was concerned, what he said was of no point.
　　就学习英语而言，他所讲的并未切中要害。
　　＂be of +名词＂还可以表达以下几种意义：
　　1、表示＂具有，具备＂
　　 e.g. her story is of some colours of the truth.
　　她的故事有点真实感
　　the party＂s 12th congress is of epoch making significance.
　　党的十二大具有划时代的意义。
　　2、表示＂属于＂
　　e.g. the products are of first-rate quality.
　　这些产品的质量是属于第一流的。
　　3、表示＂包含＂、＂包括＂、＂类别＂等
　　e.g. the americans are of almost all colures and races.
　　美国人几乎包括各种各样的肤色及种族。
　　his whole life was of best glory.她的一生是非常光荣的。
　　4. 这种结构还可表示＂年龄＂.＂出身＂＂等级＂等
　　we are of the same age. 我们年龄相同。
　　he was of noble birth and high rank. 他出身于高贵门庭。
　　grammar
　　情态动词表推测
　　一、对目前的行动或状况的推测（情态动词+do）
　　（1）、在肯定句中，表示很有把握的推测时用must，而不太有把握时则用may, might或could,三者依次could的语气最弱。
　　 e.g. you must be very tired. 你一定很累。
　　（= i am sure that you are very tired.） ( 很有把握)
　　you may / might / could be very tired. 你可能很累吧！
　　(=perhaps / maybe you are very tired.)（不太有把握）
　　（2）、在否定句中，can＂t 则表示＂不可能＂，语气最强，而相应地may not, might not 语气弱些，表示＂可能不＂。
　　 　e.g. he can＂t be at home. 他不可能在家。（很有把握）
　　he may not / might not be at home. 他可能不在家。（不太有把握）
　　（3）、疑问句中，通常用can表推测。
　　 e.g.　— someone is knocking at the door.
　　— who can it be ? 可能是谁呢？
　　where can he be now? 他现在有可能在哪呢？
　　二、对过去的动作或状况的推断常用＂情态动词+have done＂。语气强弱与以上三点相同，可依次类推。但表示＂过去不可能＂时，除了可用can＂t have done之外还可用couldn＂t have done。
　　e.g. he must have gone to wuhan. （肯定已经去了）
　　he may / might / could have gone to wuhan. （可能已去了）
　　he can not / could not have gone to wuhan. （不可能已去了）
　　can he have gone to wuhan? （可能去了吗？）
　　can(could)/may(might)/must/will等+have+done用来对过去发生的情况做出语气强
　　弱不同的推测。具体使用时请注意以下几点：
　　① can一般用于疑问句和否定句, 极少用于肯定句。　　　 e.g. ---can she have gone to school?　　　　 ---no, she can＂t have gone to school. i saw her just now.
　　② may表推测，一般不用于疑问句；疑问句中该用can, could或might。　　　 e.g. how could he have forgotten such an important thing? （不用may）　　　　　might you have met him somewhere? （不用may）
　　③ could, may, might 用于肯定句语气较弱，must用于肯定句语气很强; may,
　　might 用于否定句语气较弱，can, could 用于否定句语气很强。　　　　e.g. he could/may/might have gone to school. 他可能上学去了。　　　　　 he must have gone to school. 他肯定是上学去了。　　　　　 he may/might not have gone to school. 他也许没去上学。　　　　　　he can＂t/couldn＂t have gone to school. 他肯定没去上学。
　　④ must表推测，一般不用于否定句；否定句中该用can或could。
　　误：we mustn＂t have met before.
　　正：we can＂t have met before.　　needn＂t + have + done 可用来表示＂已做了多余的事＂。 　e.g. there is no school today. you needn＂t have come. 
　　could + have + done 可用来表示没做某事的＂遗憾＂。　　 e.g. she came here on foot, but she could have come by bus. 
　　could / might + have + done 也可用来表示委婉的批评。 　　 e.g. you could have come 5 minutes earlier.　　　　　you might at least have written me a letter.
　　在反意问句中，表推测的情态动词不出现在简短问句部分,取而代之的应是情态动词。句中有过去时间状语的，问句部分用过去时，否则，用现在完成时。
　　e.g. he must have been there yesterday, wasn＂t he? 　he must have been there, hasn＂t he?　　he can＂t have been there yesterday, was he?　　he can＂t have been there, has he?
　　三、由上我们可以得出一个结论：表推测时，must只用在肯定句中，而 can只用于否定句和疑问句中。而实际上can可用于肯定句中，但这常用于表可能性，意义有所不同，译为＂有时候可能＂。
　　 e.g. old newspaper can be useful.
　　旧报纸有时候还是有用的。
　　it can get quite cold here at night.
　　晚上这里有时候会相当冷。