II. 科技英译汉的基本技巧
1、词义引申法在科技英译汉中的应用
（1）同一词在不同词组中的引申义
某些英语单词搭配成不同词组后汉语词义相同，但换个场合，也会因搭配不同而出现汉语词义完全不同的词组。例如：
1）make a machine 造机器, make an airplane造飞机, make a satellite制造卫星；make a road 筑路；make holes钻孔；make cloth织布；make power发电；make a drawing 画图，作图；make steel炼钢。
2）power amplifier 功率放大器；power reactor 动力反应堆。
3）get a cold 感冒；get hold of 抓住，掌握；get in 收集；get through到达（目的地），完成（工作、任务），通过（议案、考试）；get round规避，说服；get round to something专注某事。
由此可见，英译汉时常采用对搭配词组进行词义引申的译法，特别是在词典上查不到的情况下。
（2）词类不同的引申用法
（2-1）词意引申
a. 引申副词，适配动词
T The report is happily phrased. 这份报告的措辞令人满意。
b. 引申动词，适配名词
1）The chief purpose（目的，作用，用途） of the drilling
machine（drill press 钻床）is to make holes.
钻床的主要用途是钻孔。
2）Porcelain is commonly used to resist electric current.
陶瓷常用于隔绝（阻断）电流。
3）The proton has a positive charge. 质子带有正电荷。
c. 引申形容词，适配名词
1）There is no physical contact between work piece and tool.
工件与刀具之间没有直接的（物体的）接触。
2）Influenza is an acute self-limited infection.
流感是一种自限性的（定期自愈性）急性传染病。
3）Such particles are far too tiny to be seen with the strongest
microscope.
这种粒子实在是太小了，即使用最高倍的显微镜都看不到。
4）Very little pressure is required in the grinding process, this
permitting its use on very light work.
这种研磨工艺要求压强很小，故其可用于加工非常轻薄的工件。
（2-2）抽象词义引申为具体词义
1）High-speed grinding does not know this disadvantage.
高速研磨不存在这种缺点。
2）Steel differs from cast iron in carbon.
钢与铸铁的含碳量不同。
（2-3）具体词义引申为抽象词义
1）This truth goes everywhere. 此真理放之四海而皆准。
2）Any little thing is not to be overlooked. 任何细节都不要忽略。
3）All has gone well with the plans. 一切均已按计划顺利进行。
2、增减词法在科技英译汉中的应用
为使同一内容在文中上下相呼应，需要增加原文中无其形而有其意的词或减少某些在汉语中不必要的词语。
（1）加词而使之明确
（1-1）抽象名词后增加名词，或补充简略句，使译文具体化或完整化
1）Were there no electric pressure in a conductor, the electron
flows would not take place in it.
若导体内没有电压，就不会产生电子流动现象。
2）Electric current permits indication of measurements at a distance,which is very important in many fields.只有相隔一定距离，才会有电流的测量显示，这一结论在许多场合都是非常重要的。
3）The change from the solid to the liquid state is called fusion or melting, the reverse change, freezing. 从固态到液态的转化叫作熔融或熔化，而相反的转化叫作凝固。
(1-2）在形容词前加名词，使译文意义明确
1）A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.一种体积小、造价低、无人驾驶的新型飞机正在吸引越来越多的关注。
2）Piston engine is used for relatively slower planes flying at 20000 feet or less. 活塞式发动机用于速度相对较慢的飞机，其飞行高度在两万英尺以下。
3）According to Newton Third Law, action and reaction are equal and opposite.根据牛顿第三定律，作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反.
（2）加词而加强修辞效果
（2-1）加词使语气连贯，逻辑严密
1）In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second.一般而言，金属都是良导体，其中以银最好，铜次之。
2）The sun warms the earth, which made it possible for plants
to grow.太阳暖化地球，从而使植物生长。
3）Hydrogen burns in oxygen or air, forming water.
氢气在氧气或空气中燃烧而形成水.
(2-2）加词使译文词义完整
1）Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation. 注意，速度和速率这两个词都需要加以解释。
2）The frequency, wave length and speed of sound waves are
closely related.声波的频率、波长和传播速率三者密切相关。
3）Any physical objects is measurable by weight, motion and resistance.任何有形物体均可通过重量、运动及阻力三方面进行测量。
4）Although energy is often transformed, and transmitted from
one body to another, it cannot be created or destroyed.
既不能被创造，也不能被毁灭。
5）As heat energy makes things move, it is a form of energy.
因为热能可以使物体产生运动，所以它是一种能量形式。
6）Even when a body falls to the ground, it does not move by reason of any power of its own.即使物体落到地面，也不是因其自身单独产生的动力而运动的。
（3）减词（省去翻译）而使之简化
英语重“形合”，汉语重“意合”。英语中不可缺少的词如冠词在汉语中则没有（但英语冠词“a/an”可对应汉语数量词“一个、一台、一部、......”或不定代词“某个”，英语冠词“the”可对应汉语指示代词“这、那”）。介词、连词和代词在英语中用得很多，但汉语仅凭语序就可以表达逻辑关系。故英译汉时，常可以省略这些词（但不是必须或一定）。
（3-1）省译冠词
1）Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid
or a gas. 任何物质均由原子组成，无论是固体、液体还是气体。
2）This statement is called the principle of the conservation and
transformation of energy. 此陈述称之为能量守恒与转换原理。
3）The point of application of this resultant (force) is the
center of gravity of the body. 合力的作用点就是物体的重心。
【resultant组合的（adj.），合力（n.）】
（3-2）省译代词
1）Without gravitation, you would not be able to do lots of things.
若没有地心引力，则许多事都做不成。
2）Hardened steel is difficult to machine, but having been
annealed,it can be easily machined.
淬火钢难以机械加工，但一经退火，则很容易加工。
3）Man has always been interested in extending the range of his
senses and the power of his mind.
人类总是对拓展感知范围及提高智力感兴趣。
（3- 3）省译介词及其词组
1）Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.
大多数物质热胀冷缩。
【比较：expand 膨胀；extend 扩展，拓展，延续，延长】
2）What water is made up of is known to us. 水的组成是众所周知的。
3）The force due to gravitation causes objects to have weight.
地心引力使物体具有重量。
（3-4）省译连词
1）Up and down motion can be changed to circular motion.
上下运动可转化为圆周运动。
2）Metal as well as non-metal expands when heated.
金属与非金属同样受热膨胀。
3）Since aluminum is light and strong, it is widely
used in aircraft industry.
金属铝质轻而稳固，广泛用于飞机制造业。
（3-5）省译动词
1）Atoms are exceedingly minute. 原子极其微小。
2）A square has four equal sides. 正方形四边相等。
3）The wire gets hot, for the current become too great.
电线发热是由于电流太大。
4）The nuclear reactions give the sun its constant
supply of energy. 核反应维系着太阳的持续能量。
（3-6）省译名词
1） The sun and a grain of sand are both bodies, for each
consists of a definite amount of matter.
太阳与沙都是物体，各自均由一定量的物质组成。
2）The number of known hydrocarbons runs into tens of thousands.
已知的碳氢化合物累计达几万种。
3）The scientific formulae are frequently stated in words,
but more often in the form of equations.
科学公式常见用文字表述，但更常见的是用方程来表达。
4）Automatic lathes, particularly vertical machines,
without tailstock are commonly called chucking machines
or chuckers.
没有尾架的自动车床，尤其是立式机床，通常叫作卡盘式转塔车床。
5）The essential of an electric generator or dynamo are
powerful magnets and rapidly moving coils.
发电机的要件就是强力磁铁与高速转动线圈。
【essential (a.)基本的，必要的，本质的，精华的；
(n.)基本要素，必需品。】
6）Semiconductor devices have no filament or heater and
therefore equire no heating power or warmed up time.
半导体器件没有电阻丝，故无所谓加热功率或加热时间。
【英语中有两种表达法，而汉语只有一种表达法时只译一种。】
3、转换法在科技英译汉中的应用
英汉分属两种语系，语法结构相差很大，往往需要各种转换，方可使英译汉文字流畅。
（1）词类转换
（1-1）名词变动词
1）The flow of electrons is from the negative plate to
the positive plate.电子是从负极流向正极的。
2）A study of the motions of objects is necessary in
order to understand their behavior.
（1-2）形容词变动词
1）Common salt is soluble in water. 食盐可溶于水。
2）We are sure that electronic computers will be widely
applicable in our industry.
我们确信，电子计算机将广泛应用于工业生产。
3）Heat is a form of energy into which all other forms are
convertible.
热是一种能量形式，其他任何能量形式均可转换成热能。
（1-3）介词变动词
1）Heat is produced when work is done against friction.
依靠摩擦做功会产生热。
2）The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force.
字母E通常用于表示电动势。
（1-4）动词变名词
1）The new engine behaves well. 新发动机的运行是良好的。
2）The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball.
我们所居住的地球的形状就像个球体。
3）Each of these compounds boils at a different temperature.
这几种化合物的沸点各不相同。
（1-5）形容词变名词
1）Heavy objects are more stable than light ones.
2）Air is perfectly elastic. 空气具有良好的弹性。
3）The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard and wear
resistant. 切割工具必须坚硬耐磨。
（1-6）代词变名词
1）Though we cannot see it, there is air all around us.
尽管我们看不见空气，但我们周围到处都有空气。
2）The volume of the sun is much larger than that of
the earth. 太阳的体积比地球的体积大多了。
3）A small lamp has a higher resistance than a large one.
小（功率）灯泡的电阻比大灯泡的电阻大。
（1-7）副词变名词
1）The new type distillation tower is shown schematically
in Fig.1. 图1即为这种新型蒸馏塔的示意图。
2）Oxygen is very active chemically.
氧气的化学活性很强。
3）The image is dimensionally correct.
这个图像的尺寸大小是正确的。
（1-8）副词变形容词
1）This kind of machine is chiefly characterized by its
simplicity of structure.
这种机器的主要的特点就是结构简单。
2）It is a fact that no structural material is perfectly
elastic. 事实上，没有一种结构材料具有完好的弹性。
3）The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body
of a man. 太阳对人类身心的影响是巨大的。
（1-9）名词变形容词
1）In certain cases friction is an absolute necessity.
在某些情况下，摩擦是绝对必要的。
2）That physical experiment was a success.
那项物理实验是成功的。
（2）句子成份的转换
（2-1）状语变主语
1）There are different elements in nature.
自然界有各种不同的元素。
2）A motor is similar to a generator in construction.
电动机的结构与发电机相似。
3）An engine is operated by a worker.
工人操纵发动机（引擎）。
（2-2）宾语变主语
1）Levers have little friction to overcome.
杠杆要克服的摩擦力很小。
2）Light beams can carry more information than radio signals.
光束所承载的信息能够比无线电信号更多。
3）Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but
appear in a variety of forms.
自动化车床的基本功能相似，只是结构形式不同。
（2-3）表语变主语
1）A valve receiver is a less complicated structure
than a TV. 电子管收音机结构的复杂性小于电视机。
2）Matter is anything that has weight and occupies space.
任何物质都有重量并占有空间。
3）The rotor is a well-designed structure.
这个转子的结构设计是很好的。
（2-4）定语变谓语
1） The two machines have the same efficiency.
这两台机器的效率相同。
2）The pressure acts through a point called A.
压强的作用点记作A。
3）Many factors enter into equipment reliability.
涉及设备可靠性的因素有很多。
（2-5）表语变谓语
1）We are on the supposition that nothing in the world
moves faster than light.
我们假设世上没有任何物质的运动速度比光速更快。
2）The axle is out of true. 轮轴的位置不正常了。
3）We realize that potential energy is different from
kinetic energy. 我们普遍认识到势能不同于动能。
（3）句子的转换
（3-1）主语从句变宾语从句
1）It has been found that all kinds of matter consist of atoms.
已发现各种物质均由原子组成。
2）It is universally recognized that alloy is a metal product
containing two or more elements.
普遍认为，合金是含有两种或两种以上元素的金属产品。
（3-2）主语从句变并列句
1）It is certain that the scientific method plays a large
part in acquiring scientific knowledge.
在获得科学知识的过程中，科学方法一定是起重要作用的。
2）It is generally true of all bodies that an increase in
size accompanies a rise in temperature.
来说一般都是正确的。
3）It is common knowledge that energy can be transformed
from one form into another.
能量可以从一种形式转换成另一种形式，这是普通常识。
（3-3）定语从句的转换（可以转换为各种句子成份）
1）At the center of an atom is nucleus, around which electrons
revolve. 原子的中心是原子核，电子环绕原子核旋转。
2）About one hundred elements, two thirds of which are metals,
have been found.
现已发现的元素大约有100种，其中三分之二是金属。
3）Alloy steel is very useful in industry, which is known to
everybody. 合金钢在工业上是非常有用的，这一点大家都很清楚。
4）The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain,
is often called an electronic brain.
似乎扮演人脑角色的计算机常被称作电脑。
5）Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity,
offers very little resistance.
铜的电阻很小，故通常广泛用于荷电（输电，承载电流）。
6）A substance that contains only atoms with same general
properties is called an element.
只含有同一化学通性原子的物质就称为一种元素。
7）Air will completely fill any container in which it may be
placed. 空气可充满容器的任何空间。
8）We have to oil the moving parts of the machine, the friction
of which may be greatly reduced.
我们必须给机器的运动部件上油，这样可以使大大减少部件的磨损。
（3-4）状语从句的转换（时间从句、地点从句、条件从句可以互变）
1） Our whole physical universe, when reduced to the simplest
terms, is made up of two things, energy and matter.
整个物质世界，简化为最简单的术语，就是由物质与能量构建的。
2）The inertia of a body, when stated in this quantitative way,
is called its mass.
3）When the molecules of a solid move fast enough, the solid
melts and becomes a liquid.
若固体内的分子运动足够快，则固体就会熔化为液体。
4）Where the volt is too large a unit, we use the millivolt
or microvolt. 当使用伏特这个单位太大时，我们就用毫伏或微伏。
5）The materials are excellent for use where the value of
the work pieces is not so high.
如果工件价格不这么高，这种材料是非常适用的。
6）Where there is nothing in the path of the beam of light,
nothing is seen.
如果在光束的通道上什么都没有，那就什么都看不到。
4、重复翻译法
英语中避免重复的词在科技英语翻译成汉语时，为表意严谨，必须重复，包括重复共同修饰的各种词。
（1）重复被共同修饰的名词
1）Roller and ball bearings are used whenever possible.
凡有可能，就会用到滚柱轴承和滚珠轴承。
2）Electrical and magnetic quantities are less simple than
length mass or time.电量和磁量不像长度、质量或时间那么简单。
3）The chief effects of electric currents are the magnetic,
heating and chemical effects.
电流的主要效应是磁效应、热效应和化学效应。
4）People use natural science to understand and change nature.
人们利用自然科学来了解自然和改造自然。
5）Engineers have to analyze and solve design problems.
工程师必须分析设计问题并解决设计问题。
6）Changing the number of turns of coils may step up or step
down the voltage. 改变线圈的匝数可以升高电压或降低电压。
（2）重复共同的动词
1）Under ordinary condition of pressure, water becomes ice
at 0℃ and steam at 100℃.
在常压下，水在0℃变成冰，在100℃变成水蒸气。
2）Alternative current flows first in one direction and then
in the other, the reversal taking place many time a second.
交流电首先向一个方向流动，然后再向另一方向流动，
这种反复过程每秒发生多次。
3）Air conditioning units must obey not only the first law
(energy conservation) but the second law as well.
空气调节装置必须既遵守第一定律即能量守恒定律，又遵守
第二定律即热力学定律。
（3）重复作共同修饰的定语
1）We want such materials as can bear high temperature and pressure.
我们想要这种材料，因为这种材料能耐高温高压。
2）Metals are the best conductors and gases the poorest
conductors of heat. 金属是最佳导热体，而气体是最差导热体。
3）The law of conservation and transformation of energy is
the chief basis of engineering practice.
能量转换与能量守恒定律是工程实践的主要基础。
（4）重复代词所表达的名词（甚至要重复所涉动词）
1）All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.
一切物体都是由分子组成的，而分子又是由原子组成的。
2）Of all the chemical elements hydrogen is the lightest one.
在所有化学元素中，氢是最轻的元素。
（5）重复同义词 （不同词形的同义词必须汉译一致，避免误解）
1）On July 14, 1965, Mariner IV passed within 6,000 miles of
Mars and transmitted 21 pictures of the surface of that planet
back to the earth.
1965年7月14日，“水手4号”宇宙飞船在距离火星不到6000英里处
飞过,将21张火星表面的图片传回了地球。
2）The simplest of all milling machines is the floor or bench
type of hand miller. The machine is relatively small and
is entirely hand-operated except for the rotating arbor.
最简单的铣床就是落地式或台式手动铣床。这种铣床相对来说体积
较小，除旋转刀杆外完全手动。
参考文献：
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（待续）
