Frighteningampnbspnature教案

　　reference for teaching
　　i. 异国风情
　　1. the grand canyon
　　the grand canyon (大峡谷) is considered one of the seven wonders of the natural
　　world. it is one of america＂s most famous national parks. visitors to the canyon come from all parts of the world. officials say about 5 million people visit the grand canyon each year.
　　the canyon extends 450 kilometers. but the surrounding area does not suggest the existence of such a large opening in the earth. visitors come upon the canyon suddenly, when they reach the edge. then they are looking at a land like nothing else in the world. walls of rock fall away sharply. in some places，the canyon walls are more than a kilometer deep. far below is the dark, turning line of the colorado river(科罗拉多河). on the other side of the canyon, sunshine lights up the rock walls in red, orange and gold. the bright colors are the result of minerals in the rocks.
　　their appearance changes with the light, the time of years and the weather. at sunset, when the sun has moved across the sky, the canyon walls take on quieter colors of blue, purple(紫色) and green. hundreds of rocky points rise from the bottom of the canyon. some are very tall. yet all are below the level of an observer on the edge, looking over.
　　there are several ways to see the grand canyon．many visitors walk along paths
　　down into t he canyon. it takes several hours to walk to the bottom, it takes two times as long to walk back up．some visitors ride mules(骡子)t0 the bottom of the canyon and back．mules are strong animals that look like horses．they are known for their ability to walk slowly and safely on the paths．many people see the grand canyon by air．they pay a helicopter or airplane pilot to fly them above and around the canyon．others see it from the colorado river．they ride boats over the fast moving water．these trips can last from one week to three weeks．
　　america＂s national park service is in charge of protecting the grand canyon from
　　the effects of so many visitors．visitors must carry a11 waste materials out of the area．all rocks．historical objects，plants and wildlife must be left untouched．the national park service tells its visitors，＂take only photographs．leave only footprints．＂
　　2．the birth of an island
　　surtsey was born in 1963．it was a great event for scientists．they were lucky enough to see the birth of this volcanic island．it began at 7：30 a．m．on 14th november．a fishing boat was sailing near iceland．the boat moved under the captain＂s feet．he noticed a strange smell．he saw some black smoke．a volcano was erupting．the bottom of the grey atlantic was open．red—hot rocks，flames and smoke were rushing up from a split in the sea-bed．the island grew quickly．it was 10 metres high the next day and 60 metres high on 18th november．scientists flew to reykjavik to watch．it was very exciting．smoke and flames were still rushing up．pieces of red—hot rock were flying into the air and falling into the sea．the sea was boiling and there was a strange light in the sky. surtsey grew and grew．then it stopped in june 1967．it was 175 metres high and 2 kilometres long．and life was already coming to surtsey．
　　seeds came over the sea. plants grew．birds came．some scientists built a house．they want to 1earn about this young island．a new island is like a new world．
　　ⅱ．知识归纳
　　l. urge的用法
　　(1)urge常作及物动词，意为：推进，极力主张，强烈要求，催促，劝，激励，怂恿，
　　强调。
　　①跟名词
　　e．g．we chinese people have persistently urged the equality of nations。big or small。
　　我们中国人民一贯坚决主张国无大小应一律平等。
　　they urged direct use of troops to try to suppress the movement．
　　他们强烈要求用部队去设法平息运动。
　　②跟带不定式的复合结构
　　e．g．he urged wu dong to help him．
　　他恳请吴东去帮助他。
　　mother urged me not to tell you anything about it．
　　妈妈要求我什么也不要对你说。
　　③跟从句[从句用虚拟语气：(should +)动词原形]
　　e．g．they urged that the library be kept open during the vacation．
　　他们主张图书馆在假期开放。
　　her parents urged her that she (should) set strict demands on herself．
　　她父母亲鼓励她要严格要求自己。
　　④urge后一般不能跟不定式作宾语，只能跟动名词。
　　e．g．we all urged sticking to the four fundamental principles．
　　我们大家都主张要坚持四项基本原则。
　　(2)urge作名词，意为＂强烈的愿望(要求)＂。
　　e．g．he has an urge to join the army．
　　他强烈要求参军。
　　(3)urge for意为＂要求做出＂。
　　e．g．they urged me for a statement of my view,．
　　他们强烈要求我说出我的观点。
　　2．as though(=as if)的用法
　　as though和as if没有什么区别。as if用得普遍些，却可引导方式状语从句和表语
　　从句，其从句谓语常用虚拟语气。
　　(1)引导方式状语从句
　　e．g．he closed his eyes as though he were too tired．
　　他闭着眼睛，好像太累了。
　　she acted as though nothing had happened．
　　她装得好像什么事也没发生过似的。
　　当从句主语和主句主语一致，从句谓语中又含有动词to be时，可以把主语和to be
　　一起省去。
　　e．g．he looked about as though (he was)in search of something．
　　他四下张望，好像寻找什么。
　　he paused as if(he was)expecting tom to speak．
　　他停了下来好像期望tom说些什么。
　　he listened as though he was turning to stone．
　　这孩子一动不动地听着，仿佛变成了石头似的。
　　(2)引导表语从句
　　e．g．it looks as if it＂s going to rain．
　　看样子天要下雨了。
　　it seems as if i＂m the first one here．
　　看起来我是第一个到这里的。
　　as though和as if从句用虚拟语气，还是用陈述语气。完全根据具体情况而定。如果
　　从句表示的意思与事实完全相反，或者纯粹是一种假设，通常用虚拟语气。
　　e．g．when a pencil is partly in a glass of water．it looks as if it were broken．
　　当铅笔一部分放进水里，看起来好像折断了似的。(虚拟)
　　you look as if you are friends．
　　你们看起来像朋友似的。
　　ⅲ．词语辨析
　　1．earth，mud，dirt，soil
　　(1)earth作＂泥土；土地＂解(=soil)，一般不用冠词。
　　e．g．don＂t forget to cover the root of the apple tree with earth．
　　不要忘记用土把苹果树根埋好。
　　that pile of earth came from the hole we dug in the ground．
　　那堆土来自我们在地上挖的那个坑。
　　(2)mud泥．形容词是muddy。
　　e．g．rain turns dust into mud．
　　雨把尘土变成了泥。
　　he was cleaning the mud from his boots with a brush．
　　他正用刷子刷他靴子上的泥。
　　(3)dirt脏东西，污秽。
　　e．g．his clothes were covered with dirt．
　　他的衣服满是污秽。
　　she washed the dirt out of the clothes．
　　她洗掉了衣服上的脏东西。
　　dirt也可作＂土＂解。
　　e．g．this is good dirt for growing vegetables．
　　这是好土可以用来种菜。
　　the children were outside playing in the dirt．
　　孩子们在外面的土里玩耍。
　　(4)soil土壤，土地。
　　e．g．most plants grow best in rich soil．
　　大部分庄稼在肥沃的土地上长得很好。
　　好的土壤是good soil，rich soil；贫瘠的土壤是poor soil；沙土地是sandy soil．
　　2．escape，flee，fly，run away
　　四个词均有逃跑之意，escape和run away常作不及物动词，如果是表示＂从……
　　逃去＂．在其后加from；flee是及物动词。
　　(1)escape意为＂逃跑，逃避，逃脱＂，一般指为躲避不利于自己的环境或事物而离开。
　　常隐含着紧急，紧迫的意思，常用此词指罪人逃跑或避免惩罚。
　　e．g．the prisoners have escaped．
　　囚犯已经逃跑了。
　　he escaped from out of the burning house．
　　他从燃烧的房子里逃了出来。
　　escape还可以表示＂避免，免除＂，其后接名词或动词ing形式。
　　e．g．you were lucky to escape punishment／being punished．
　　他避免了受罚。
　　fie escaped death/his fate．
　　他幸免一死(他逃脱了厄运)。
　　(2)flee意为＂逃走，逃避，避开＂，强调逃的行为，无论其成功与否，是指躲开危害自己或不愿意，不敢接触的事物。含有所做的动作迅速。仓促而情况紧迫的意思。
　　e．g．they all fled(from)the burning
　　ship．
　　他们都逃离了着火的船只。
　　he killed his enemy and fled the courtry．
　　他杀死了他的敌人并逃离了那个国家。
　　(3)run away意为＂逃跑。逃脱＂，常用于实际的体力行为，并着重所做的动作是快速
　　敏捷的，而不强调情况或事情紧急，急迫。
　　e．g．she hit the child and he ran away．
　　她打那孩子．那孩子跑开了。
　　the thief ran away from the policeman．
　　小偷从警察手中逃跑了。
　　＂run away＂较口语化；有时可以用＂getaway＂表示，但＂get away＂时常含有＂挣脱，摆脱＂的意思。
　　e．g．he can＂t get away with it．some day he＂ll have to pay the price．
　　他是逃不脱的，总有一天他会受到报应。
　　mary tried to catch a butterfly，but it got away from her．
　　玛丽设法捉住了一只蝴蝶，但它挣脱她而飞走了。
　　(4)fly意为＂逃离＂，可以用作及物动词或不及物动词。
　　e．g．he was forced to fly his homeland．
　　他被迫逃离祖国。
　　the thief was flying from justice．
　　那个贼还在逍遥法外。
　　ⅳ．能力训练
　　句型转换：根据第一句的意思，把第二句补充完整。
　　1．you asked me to write you something about the death of my uncle．
　　you asked me to_____ _____ ______ _____ _______ _____ in my letter．
　　答案：tell you how my uncle died
　　2．we afterwards learnt that it was mount vesuvius．
　　we _____ learnt that it was mount vesuvius．
　　答案：later
　　3．christmas day is at hand．
　　it is______ _______ ________．
　　答案：almost christmas day
　　4．his house lay at the foot of vesuvius．
　　his house________ at the foot of vesuvius．
　　his house_______ _______ at the foot of vesuvius
　　答案：was；was located
　　5．there was no way out except by boat．
　　there was no way out ________ by boat．
　　答案：besides
　　6．success in school calls for much hard study．
　　success in school __________ much hard study．
　　答案：needs
　　7．he paused for a moment wondering whether to turn back．
　　he ________ for a moment wondering whether to turn back．
　　答案：stopped
　　8．upon arrival my uncle hugged pompy．
　　________arrival my uncle hugged pompy．
　　________ __________ _________he arrived，my uncle hugged pompy．
　　答案：on；as soon as
　　9．mother went shopping；meanwhile，i cleaned the house．
　　mother went shopping； ，i cleaned the house．
　　mother went shopping；_________ _______ ______，i cleaned the house．
　　mother went shopping；_______ _______ _______,i cleaned the house．
　　答案：meantime；in the meantime；in the meanwhile
　　lo．their light scared people．
　　their light _________ people．
　　their light _________ people．
　　答案：terrified；frightened