2019年高考英语二轮专题复习2代词和数词

　　【专题二】代词和数词
　　【考点分析】
　　代词
　　1.人称代词主格与宾格的用法；
　　2.名词性和形容词性物主代词的用法；
　　3.反身代词的用法；
　　4.指示代词this, that, these, those的用法；
　　5.表示两者和多者的不定代词的比较；
　　6.some,any的用法辨析；
　　7.each, every的用法辨析；
　　8.(a) little,(a)few,a bit的用法辨析；
　　9.替代词it, that, (the) one(s), those的用法辨析；
　　10.another, (the) other(s), else; the rest的用法辨析；
　　11.every-,some-,any-,no-与thing,-one,-body构成的复合不定代词的用法。
　　数词
　　1.基数词的确指和不确指；
　　2.数词与主谓一致关系；
　　3.dozen和score的用法；
　　4.序数词与冠词的连用。
　　【知识点归纳】
　　（一）代词
　　代词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一，也是考生容易出错的项目，因为代词具有较大灵活性。考生在做代词选择填空时最容易犯的错误是1）机械地套用语法规则；2）用汉语思维去分析题意。从高考考查情况看，高考考查最多的是不定代词，因为不定代词是整个代词中最为活跃的部分，其次是名词性物主代词和反身代词。
　　i.代词的分类
　　单数复数
　　第一
　　人称第二
　　人称第三
　　人称第一
　　人称第二
　　人称第三
　　人称
　　人称代词主格iyouhe she itweyouthey
　　宾格meyouhim her itusyouthem
　　物主代词形容
　　词性myyourhis her itsouryourtheir
　　名词性mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs
　　反身代词myselfyourselfhimself herself itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves
　　指示代词this that suchthese those such
　　相互代词宾格each other one another
　　所有格each other’s one another’s
　　不定代词可数one each, many, (a) few ,both, another, either., neither
　　不可数much, (a) little
　　可数不可数any other all some
　　复合
　　不定代词anyone anybody anything somebody something someone everyone everything everybody nobody nothing
　　疑问代词who whom whose which what
　　连接代词who whom whose which what（参见专题八）
　　关系代词who whom whose which that（参见专题八）
　　ii.代词的用法
　　1.人称代词
　　①在句中作主语,用主格，在句中作宾语,则用宾格；
　　she teaches them physics.
　　②在句中作表语,常用宾格；
　　who is it? it’s me.
　　但有时要用主格：it was i who told him the whole story.
　　在强调句型中,强调的是主语,故i用主格。
　　③两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时,其顺序是：
　　单数按2,3,1人称排列，复数按1,2,3人称顺序排列。
　　you, she and i ; we, you and they
　　2.物主代词
　　①形容词性物主代词只能作宾语
　　we love our motherland.
　　②名词性物主代词可用作主语,表语和宾语
　　your coat is black while mine is red.
　　3.反身代词
　　①用作宾语、表语，或主语、宾语的同位语
　　he teaches himself japanese every evening.（宾语）
　　she is not quite herself today.她今天身体不太舒服。（表语）
　　i myself can repair the bike.（主语的同位语）
　　②常用含有反身代词的惯用语归纳
　　by oneself= alone 独自 for oneself独立、为自己
　　be oneself处于正常状态,显得自然 enjoy oneself玩得愉快
　　seat oneself坐下 dress oneself in 给自己穿
　　devote oneself to专心于、献身于 help oneself to 自行取用、不用客气
　　come to oneself苏醒 make oneself at home 不要客气
　　4.指示代词
　　①this和that是近指, that和those 是远指
　　i don’t want this book. i want that one.
　　②有时为了避免重复,常用that/ those 来代表前面出现过的名词
　　at this time of year, the weather here is much colder than that in nanjing.
　　③this和that都可代表前面提到过的事情,若出现两个名词,指代前面的用that指代较后面的用this；但若指下文将要叙述事情,则只能用this，不能用that。此外，还可用于代替上文中出现过个单数或不可数名词，且后面带有of短语修饰。
　　health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that.
　　健康胜于财富;财富不会像健康那样带来那么多幸福(句中this=wealth;that=health)
　　they cant afford it.that/this is their problem.
　　what i want you to remember is this :english is of great use.(此句中this不能用that替换)
　　the population of shanghai is larger than that of suzhou.
　　④such的用法
　　such 一般在句中作定语和主语.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在之后。
　　such is my answer.
　　such are the results of the exams.
　　i have never seen such beautiful flowers.
　　用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在such之后such a good book。
　　5.相互代词
　　①在句中可作宾语
　　they help each other and learn from each other.
　　②加’s后成为所有格,作定语
　　they asked about one another’s life and work.
　　6.不定代词
　　不定代词种类较多,在使用时应注意其用法与区别。为了便于记忆我们择其重点以表格的形式列出。
　　不定代词区 别例 句
　　one, some，
　　any和itone可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones。①we’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet.
　　a.one b.ones c.it d.them
　　②cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do.
　　a.one b.ones c.it d.those
　　some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。—your coffee smells great! —it’s from mexico．would you like ________?
　　a.it b.some c.this d.1ittle
　　some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。①i have read this article in some magazine. please correct the mistakes, if any.
　　②—which of the three ways shall i take to the village?
　　—________way as you please.
　　a.each b.every c.any d.either
　　one指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。记住下列三点区别：
　　①it =the /this/ my…+单数名词
　　one =a/an+单数名词
　　②it代替特定的单数名词
　　one代替不特定的单数名词
　　③one之前加上定冠词the可以表示特指,one前如有形容词修饰,之前还可以加上不定冠词,但是it之前既不能加冠词也不能加形容词修饰。①—there is still a copy of the book in the library. will you go and borrow ?
　　—no, i’d rather buy in the bookstore.
　　a.it;one b.one;one c.one;it d.it;it
　　②this film is an interesting one.
　　③of all the dresses, this is the one i like best.
　　some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。①there’s ________cooking oil in the house. would you go to the corner store and get ________.
　　a.1ittle,some b.1ittle,any
　　c.a little,some d.a little,any
　　②we had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________.
　　a.none b.either c.any d.each
　　③he doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk.
　　a. any b. many c. some d. much
　　each和everyeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。①each student has a pocket dictionary.
　　each (of us) has a dictionary.= we each have a dictionary.
　　②every student has strong and weak points.
　　every one of us has strong and weak points.
　　all和bothboth指两个人或物,而all指三个以上的人或物. 在句中都可作主语，宾语,表语,同位语和定语①— which of the two books will you take?
　　— i’ll take ____and i think ____of them is very important to me.
　　a. either; neither b. neither; both
　　c. both; either d. either; both
　　②—which of those electronic dictionaries do you like most?
　　—____.they are both cheap and of great importance.
　　a. none b. both c. neither d. all
　　注意：both, all, each, every以及由every构成的不定代词出现在否定句中，不管否定词在前还是在后，都是部分否定：all of them don’t like music=not all of them like music.他们并不都喜欢音乐。
　　要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none ，no one ，nothing，nobody等。
　　neither of them doesn’t like music.他们俩都不喜欢音乐。
　　none of them don’t like the music.他们都不喜欢音乐。
　　none和nono等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可。①there is no water in the bottle.
　　②how much water is there in the bottle? none.
　　③none of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
　　other和anotherother泛指＂另外的，别的＂常与
　　其他词连用，④the other day,
　　every other week,
　　some other reason, no other way,
　　the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。①both sides have accused of breaking the contract.
　　a.another b. the other c. neither d. each
　　②two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
　　another指＂又一个，另一个＂无
　　所指，复数形式是others，泛指
　　＂别的人或事＂。①we had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month．
　　a.the other b．some c．another d．other
　　②the trousers are too long, please give me another pair
　　/some others.
　　③some like football, while others like basketball.
　　either和neither前者意思为：两者中任何一方都；
　　后者意思为：两者都不。①—do you want tea or coffee?
　　—______,i really don＂t mind.
　　a. none b. neither c. either d. all
　　②it was hard for him to learn english in a family,in which _____ of the parents spoke the language.
　　a. none b. neither c. both d. each
　　few和little;a few和a littlefew 和little 表示没有多少,含否
　　定意义,而a few 和a little表示一
　　些,有几个,含肯定意义.另外, few
　　与a few修饰可数名词, little与 a
　　little 修饰不可数名词。
　　此外quite a few , quitea little意思
　　是＂不少,相当多的＂。①the old man knows a little english.
　　②few of them can speak russian.
　　7.it的用法
　　①用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事情。
　　this bike is not mine. it’s peter’s.
　　②用以代替提示代词this, that
　　—what is this? —it’s a pen.
　　—whose book is that? —it’s mike’s.
　　③起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物
　　—who is knocking at the door? —it’s me.
　　—who is making such a noise. —it must be the children.
　　④指环境情况等。
　　it was very quiet at the moment.
　　⑤指时间，季节，天气，气候等
　　—what time is it? —it is eight o’clock.
　　it often rains in summer.
　　⑥指距离
　　it is five kilometers from the office to my home.
　　it is a long way to the factory.
　　⑦作形式主语和形式宾语
　　当动词不定式,动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语
　　it is not easy to finish the work in two days.
　　it is not a good habit to stay up late.
　　it is no use crying over split milk.
　　it is a pity that you didn’t read the book..
　　当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式,动名词,宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前
　　i think it no use arguing with him.
　　i found it very interesting to study english.
　　he made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
　　注意：see to it that…（务必）和take it for granted that…（想当然）句型中的it，以及词组make it
　　中的it（做事成功，搞定）。
　　⑧用于强调结构（详见专题九）
　　要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语,状语,宾语), 可以把it 当作先行词.这种句子的结构是 ＂it is(was)+被强调部分+that (who )+句子的其余部分＂ .如果强调的部分是人,可用who whom 代替that
　　i met an old friend in the park yesterday.
　　此句各部分被强调后句型如下：
　　it was i who /that met an old friend in the park yesterday.
　　it was an old friend who/ that/whom i met in the park yesterday.
　　it was in the park that i met an old friend yesterday.
　　it was yesterday that i met an old friend in the park.
　　（二）数词
　　数词分两类：基数词和序数词
　　i.基数词:表示数目的词为基数词。其表达式：
　　1.21-99的两位数，在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成。如：fifty- three (53)
　　2.101-999的三位数由hundred加and再加两位数或末位数。
　　three hundred and twenty-five (325)
　　3.基数词hundred，thousand，million，billion表示确切数目时不能加s
　　five thousand students (五千个学生)
　　但在表示不确切数目时，要用复数形式，如：hundreds of／thousands of students(许多学生)
　　4.dozen和score的复数形式应注意以下几点：
　　①dozen表示：一打，十二个，score表示：二十；
　　②当dozen与数词，或many，several等连用时，不加＂s＂，所修饰的名词前常省去＂of’；score则不然。
　　two dozen pencils两打铅笔
　　two score of pencils四十支铅笔
　　dozens of people=scores of people许多人
　　③当后面的名词前有＂these＂，＂those＂，＂them＂，＂ us＂等词时, dozen后应加＂of ＂。
　　a dozen of these people
　　two dozen of them
　　three score and ten people中不加of(七十人)
　　ii.序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词。其表达式：
　　1.序数词一般由基数词后+th构成，前面一般加定冠词the，表示＂第几＂
　　the two hundredth，the eighteenth
　　加不定冠词，则意为＂又一,再一＂.
　　i like the film very much, so i want to see it a second time.
　　2.以ty结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把y改成i，再加eth。如：the twentieth，the fiftieth
　　3.不规则的序数词有以下几个：first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
　　4.＂二十＂以上的多位数，个位数用序数词，其余仍用基数词。
　　ninety-third one hundred and forty-ninth
　　5.基数词与序数词连用时，通常是序数词在前
　　the first two pages of the book(这本书的前两页)
　　iii.分数、小数和百分数的表达
　　1.分数由基数词和序数词合成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母的序数词要用复数
　　形式
　　1/3：one(a)third 2/3：two thirds three-sevenths：七分之三
　　特殊的表达
　　①1/2：one(a)half 1/4：one(a)quarter／one(a)fourth 3/4：three quarters
　　②分子与分母之间加in或out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词
　　one in ten：十分之一 five in eight：八分之五
　　one out of ten：十分之一 five out of eight：八分之五
　　2.百分数的表示法
　　表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可：twenty percent=20%百分之二十。
　　注意：分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以下形式：
　　分数/百分数 of +冠词/限定词+名词/代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致
　　two-thirds of the money was spent on food.
　　about seventy percent of the earth surface is covered by water.
　　3.小数的表示法
　　小数的表示法，小数点前的总值发同其他数词一样，小数点用point,小数点后面的数读成个位数
　　9.65表示为nine point six five。218.39表示为two hundred and eighteen point three nine。
　　注意：小数点读point，＂零＂读字母o的音或zero，小数点前就按基数词去读，小数点后的数字按个位基数词依次读出。
　　62.62读作sixty-two zero point six two
　　iv.数词的其它表达式
　　1.序号的表示法
　　①单纯的序号，可在基数词前加number,简写为no.。
　　no.1第一号
　　②事物名词的序号表达法有什所不同：
　　对于一些小序号可有序数词也可用基数词表达，形式分别为：the +序数词 + 名词；名词 + 基数词
　　第一次世界大战可以表示为the first world war或world war i。
　　对于一些大序号我们通常只用一种表达法，即名词 + 数词
　　501号房间表示为room 501
　　538路公共汽车表示为bus 538
　　可用a/the + number + 基数词 + 名词
　　a no.5 bus一辆五路公共汽车
　　the no.8 bus那辆8路公共汽车
　　2.倍数的表达方式
　　一般情况下我们用以下三种倍数表达方式：
　　①倍数用在as+形容词/副词（原级）+名词+ as结构之前
　　they have three times as many cows as we do.
　　他们拥有的奶牛是我们的三倍多。
　　②倍数放在形容词或副词的比较级之前或by + 倍数用在比较级之后
　　this rope is four times longer than that one.
　　they produced more products in XX than those in XX by twice.
　　XX年的产品是XX年的两倍
　　③倍数用在表示度量名词前，其基本结构为：倍数 + the + size / length / weight …+ of + 表示比较对象的名词，也可用于倍数 + what引导的从句中
　　this room is three times the size of that one.
　　the college is twice what it was 5 years ago.这个学院是5年前的两倍。
　　you can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.
　　3.大约数的表示法
　　①用ten、dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million等数词的复数后加of短语来表示几十、几百、上千、成千上万等大约数概念
　　the little boy buys dozens of pencils every term.数打铅笔
　　thousands of people died in the earthquake.数千人
　　every year tens of thousands of people go to work in guangdong province.
　　②用less than、under、below、almost、nearly、up to等来表示小于或接近某数目
　　he is good at english, so he can finish the paper in less than two hours.不到两个小时
　　③用more than、over、above、beyond、or more等来表示超过或多于某个数目
　　peking university has a history of more than 100 years.有100多年的历史
　　④用or、or so、about、around、some、more or less等表示在某一数目左右
　　about 50 people were present at that time.
　　⑤用to、from … to…、between … and表示介于两数词
　　his salary rises from 20 dollars a week to 35 dollars a week.从每周20美元涨到每周35美元
　　注意：dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million作数词表示确切数量时，不用复数
　　three score, five dozen, seven million等。
　　4.钟点、日期、年龄的表达式
　　①钟点
　　正读法10：20：ten twenty
　　倒读法9：30：half past nine(九点半)
　　7：05：five past seven(七点过五分)
　　8：50：ten to nine (八点五十；差十分是九点)
　　表示整点8:00：eight o＂clock (sharp)
　　表示在某个钟点，用介词at
　　they begin to work at half past seven．(他们七点半开始工作。)
　　②日期
　　年代用基数词，在某年要用介词in：he was born in l983.他出生于1983年。
　　月份首字母要大写，在某月也用介词in，如果有年代出现，在月份名后加年代，中间用逗号：
　　it happened in january，XX．这事发生在XX年1月。
　　月日同时出现时可有两种表示法：
　　英国说法：顺序为先日后月：4(th)may(五月四日——读成：the fourth of may)
　　美国说法：顺序为先月后日：may 4(th)(五月四日——读成：may the fourth)
　　表示在某月某日，不管用在前还是在后，都用介词on：
　　the meeting will be held on march 9(th)．
　　we＂ll leave for shanghai on 8th june．
　　年月日同时出现时，年代位于最后，其前加逗号：mary was born on january 1st，1990.
　　表示＂在几十年代＂用in十the十逢十的数词复数：in the 1990s／1990’s
　　③年龄
　　用基数词表示年龄。如：the baby is one year old．
　　表示＂在某人的几十岁＂时，可用介词in+ one’s+整十位数的复数形式：
　　she is still in her twenties．她才二十几岁。
　　但表示十多岁时用：in one’s teens
　　表示＂一个九岁的男孩＂，可以有多种表达法
　　a boy of nine，a boy of nine years old，a boy of nine years of age，a nine-year-old boy
　　注意：与基数词合成的定语，其中的名词用单数：a three-month-old baby，a five-year plan。
　　【高考预测】
　　1.—what do you think of your new colleagues?
　　—they are mostly very kind,but________is so good to me as john.
　　a. no one b. none c. every one d. some one
　　2.—will you see to _____ that all the papers should be handed in after class?
　　—all right.
　　a. this b. it c. me d. them
　　3.—he was nearly drowned once.
　　—when was _____?
　　—_____ was 1998 when he was in middle school.
　　a. that; it b. this; this c. this; it d. that; this
　　4.—your coffee smells great！
　　—it’s from mexico.would you like________?
　　a.any b. little c. this d. some
　　5.—which of the two dictionaries do you want?
　　—i want_____.please show me_____.
　　a. none; another b. all; the other c. neither; the other d. neither; another
　　6. i spent the whole day repairing the motorbike. the work was ____ simple.
　　a. nothing but b. anything but c. something of d. all except
　　7. the information on the internet gets around much more rapidly than ____ in the newspaper.
　　a. it b. those c. that d.one
　　8. for quite _____ students，their teacher＂s advice is more important than _____ of their parents＂．
　　a.few,one b.a few,that c.a little,some d.a lot,many
　　9.—did you reach the top of the mountain?
　　—yes. even i myself didn’t believe i could make_____.
　　a. that b. it c.this d. them
　　10.because the first pair of shoes did not fit properly, i asked for _____.
　　a. another shoes b. another one c. the others ones d. another pair
　　11.—have you heard of this new brand of computer, mike?
　　—yes, of course, and i’ve decided to buy ___ .
　　a. it b. one c. this d. that
　　12.don’t worry.______ and we will complete the task you assigned to us.
　　a. another hour b. an hour later c. after an hour d. in an hour
　　13.—i wonder why the couple often eat out?
　　—oh,it is sai that_________of them can cook.
　　a.none b.not both c.neither d.not all
　　14.—what kind of person do you want to help you?
　　—______ always trying his best and never giving up in time of difficulty.
　　a.that b.the one c.one d.such
　　15.in 1948, the place where his father had been buried was finally discovered, marked only by _____, on a simple stone.
　　a, a 43-number b, the number 43rd c, the number 43 d, the 43 number
　　16.—how many pencils would you like,madame?
　　—well,i want_________of these.
　　a.three dozen b.three dozen of c.three dozens d.three dozens of
　　17.you can have _________ try if you fail _______ _ time.
　　a.the second,the first b.a second,a first c.the second,a first d.a second,the first
　　18. ___________ of the land in the district _______ covered with trees and grass.
　　a. two fifth; is b. two fifth; are c. two fifths; is d. two fifths, are
　　19. __________ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.
　　a.tens of thousands of b. ten thousands of c. several millions d. many million
　　20.—would you please find a world map which is drawn to a scale of .
　　—yes,sir.here you are.
　　a.one out of ten thousand b.one in ten thousands
　　c.one to ten thousand d.one of ten thousands
　　【参考答案】1-5bbadd 6-10bcbbd 11-15baccc 16-20bdcaa