高二英语教材知识点总结及重难点解析Unit1314

　　重点句型
　　1. life in the oceans range from the tiniest plants all the
　　way up to giants like sharks and whales.
　　2. water is actually quite simple, but the way the water
　　molecule is formed gives water its unique properties.
　　3. they form a polar molecule, that is, one with a slightly
　　positive end and a slightly negative end.
　　4. the salinity of the earth＂s oceans is about thirty-five
　　parts per thousand, meaning that there are about 35
　　grammes of dissolved solids and gases in one kilo of
　　water.
　　5. heat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise
　　the temperature of a substance by one degree
　　centigrade.
　　6. water, which seems ,so simple and common, is what
　　makes life possible.
　　7. freedom fighters can be found everywhere and they are
　　of all times.
　　8. from the late eighteenth century to well into the
　　nineteenth century different people struggled for their
　　rights.
　　重点词汇
　　1. sailor n. 水手
　　2. transport n. & vt. 运输
　　3. range vi.& n. 变动
　　4. hydrogen n. 氢
　　5. oxygen n. 氧气
　　6. relative adj. 相对的
　　7. solid n. 固体
　　8. freezing adj. 冰冻的
　　9. pure adj. 纯净的
　　10. relationship n. 关系
　　11. float v. 漂浮
　　12. decrease vi. 变小
　　13. centigrade adj. 摄氏温度的
　　14. absorb vt. 吸收
　　15. stable adj. 稳定的
　　16. steady adj. 平稳的
　　17. trust vt. 信任
　　18. nursery n. 保育院
　　19. freedom n. 自由
　　20. civil adj. 国内的，公民的
　　21. murder vt. & n. 谋杀
　　22. revolution n. 革命
　　23. slavery n. 奴隶制
　　24. soul n. 灵魂
　　25. arrest vt. 逮捕
　　26. race n. 人种；赛跑
　　27. marriage n. 结婚
　　28. forbid vt. 禁止，不许
　　29. political adj. 政治的
　　30. demand vt. & n. 要求
　　31. lawyer n. 律师
　　32. act n. 法令
　　33. politics n. 政治
　　34. religion n. 宗教
　　35. independence n. 独立
　　36. abolish vt. 废除
　　37. chapter n. 篇
　　重点短语
　　1. benefit from 从……得益
　　2. all the way 一直
　　3. take advantage of 利用
　　4. give off 释放
　　5. a variety of 种类繁多的
　　6. put...in prison 把……投入监狱
　　7. join hands 联手
　　8. set an example to 为……树立榜样
　　9. from then on 从那时起
　　10. start with 以……开始
　　11. regardless of 不顾
　　12. at first sight 乍一看
　　13. call in 召集
　　交际用语
　　1. what is it that makes the ocean such a great place to
　　live?
　　2. the nutrients is whatever falls into the ocean will
　　quickly become available to other living things.
　　3. what happened first was that ...
　　4. one of the reasons why ... is ...
　　5. ... is often followed by ...
　　词汇短语
　　6. absorb v.
　　1) 吸收
　　use the cbth to absorb the ink.
　　用布吸干墨水。
　　she is a good student and absorbed new ideas quickly.
　　她是一个好学生，吸收新思想很快。
　　2) 常用被动，be absorbed in全神贯注于；专心致志
　　his business absorbed him. / he is absorbed in his
　　business.
　　他专心处理业务。
　　fabsorbing = very interesting
　　非常吸引人的；引人入胜的
　　absorbed (人) 精神集中的
　　absorbent 能吸收水分等的
　　1. benefit vi. 受益 n. 益处
　　1) benefit from / by sth. = receive benefit from 受益
　　于；得益
　　who will benefit from the old man＂s death?
　　那位老人死后谁将是受益人?
　　he hasn＂t benefited from the experience.
　　他虽有体验却无长进。
　　2) benefit vt. 使受益；有利于；有益于 = do good to,
　　to be useful to
　　such foolish behaviour will not benefit your case.
　　这种愚蠢的行为不会对你的情况有利。
　　3) n. 优越条件；利益；好处，相当于＂pmfit,
　　advantage, good effect＂，通常与以下例句中所示的动
　　词及介词连用。
　　she had the benefit of a good education.
　　她受过良好的教育，这是她的优越之处。
　　it is of great benefit to everyone.
　　这对于每个人都有极大的好处。
　　because of illness, she didn＂t get much benefit from
　　her stay abroad.
　　她呆在国外因病而没得到多大的收获。
　　【考点1】benefit的用法
　　搭配：
　　① benefit from 从……中受益
　　② for the benefit of 为了某人的利益
　　句型：
　　① be of (great / much) benefit to...= be (very) bene—
　　ficial to 对……有利／有益
　　②benefit sb / sth 使……获益
　　【考例1】the book is of ____ benefit ____ us.
　　a. great; for b. much; for
　　c. very; beneficial d. great; to
　　[考查目标]考查搭配与运用。
　　[答案与解析]d be of (great / much) beneit to...=
　　be (very) beneficial to 表示＂对……有利／有益＂。
　　13. demand v. & n. 要求，需要
　　1) n. 要求，需要
　　it is impossible to satisfy all demands.
　　有求必应是不可能的。
　　teachers are in great demand in this area.
　　在这个地区很需要教师。
　　2) v. 要求，需要
　　i demand that john (should) go there at once.
　　我要约翰马上去那儿。
　　this work demands your patience.
　　这项工作需要你的耐心。
　　【考点3】demand的用法
　　搭配：
　　① supply and demand 供需
　　② refuse / reject one＂s demand(s) 拒绝某人的要求
　　③ satisfy / meet / fulfill one＂s demand(s) 满足某人的
　　要求
　　④ demand a reasonable (an immediate) explanation /
　　answer 要求合理(立即)解释／答复
　　⑤ make strict demands on sb in sth 严格要求某人= be
　　strict with sb in sth
　　句型：
　　① sb demand to do sth 要求做某事
　　② sb demand that主语 + (should) do sth 要求某人做
　　某事
　　③ sb demand of sb to do sth = demand one＂s doing sth
　　要求某人做某事
　　④ make the demand that主语 + (should) do sth 要求
　　某人做某事
　　⑤ sb. demand sth of / from sb (不容否定地)向某人要
　　求某事／某物
　　⑥ sth demand sth 需要
　　⑦ sb / sth be in great / high demand (in sp.)(某地)急
　　需……
　　⑧ there is much / a great / no demand for sb / sth (in
　　sp.) 某地急需／不需要……
　　辨析：demand；require
　　两词均意为＂需要，需求＂，但demand指大胆地、权威性
　　地要求对方或自己认为有权利向某人提供某物或提出
　　做某事•其后不接动名词，可接名词或不定式，被要求
　　人小直接作demand的宾语。require指因有需要或有
　　权要求某物或做某事。含有权威性和公正性的语气。
　　【ir指根据事物内在原因提出的要求。demand，require
　　后接宾语从句时．都要用虚拟语气。
　　友情提示：
　　(1) 禁止使用demand sb to do sth 结构。
　　(2)＂某地急需…＂还可表达为
　　① sth be in great need in sp.
　　② sb / sp. be in great need of sth
　　③ sp. is short of sth 紧缺……
　　【考例3l she ____ us to go there at once.
　　a. demanded b. hoped
　　c. required d. refused
　　[考查目标] 动词的常见结构及用法。
　　[答案与解析]c demand和hope，refuse都只能直接
　　接to如作宾语，而不接sb to do sth结构。
　　【考点9】discuss的用法
　　构词：discussion讨论；议论；辩论；论述；商议
　　搭配：
　　① discuss sth in groups 分组讨论某事
　　② (be) under discussion (作表语或后置定语) = (be)
　　being discussed ……(正)在讨论巾
　　③ take part in a discussion (on sth)参加(某事的)讨论
　　句型：
　　① discuss sth (with sb) (和某人)讨论某事
　　② discuss (with sb) wh- + to do sth / wh- + clause /
　　how sth should be done
　　③ discuss doing sth 讨论干某事
　　④ discussion(s) be going on among sb about sth 某人
　　就某事展开了讨论
　　⑤ sth come up for discussion 某事(被)提出讨论
　　⑥ have / hold a (+形容词) discussion about / on / o-
　　ver sth (with sb) (和某人)如何讨论有关某事
　　常见形容词有heated (热烈)，hot (热烈)，stormy (激
　　烈的)，further (进一步)，friendly (友好)，long (长时
　　间)，much (多)，brief (简短的)，full (充分的)；have
　　another discussion about / on sth 再次讨论有关某事
　　友情提示：discuss是及物动词，后面不能再跟about，
　　但用名词discussion表达讨论某事时，则必须跟about
　　或on.
　　【考例9】after the meeting，you should ____ about
　　the topic of the subject with the famous scientist.
　　a. discuss b. quarrel
　　c. debate d. fight
　　[考查目标] 考查动词的词义与辨析。
　　[答案与解析]a discuss 表示＂讨论＂；quarrel表示＂争
　　吵＂；debate 表示＂争辩＂；fight 表示＂打斗＂。
　　【考点lo】end的用法
　　构词：
　　① ending n. 结尾；结局
　　② endless adj. 无穷尽的；无休止的
　　③ endlessly adv. 无穷尽地；无休止地
　　搭配：
　　① at the end (of) 在……最后；在……尽头
　　② end up 结束；终结；告终
　　③ end up with 以……告终
　　④ end in success / failure 以成功／失败而告终
　　⑤ put an end to sth (=end sth) 结束……
　　⑥ sth come to an end (= sth end) ……结束了
　　⑦ sth draw to an end 接近尾声
　　⑧ bring sth to an end 使……结束
　　⑨ call for / demand an end to sth 要求结束……
　　⑩ in the end 最后；终于
　　⑩ at the end 最后
　　⑩ at the end of + (时间段或地点名词) 在……末尾
　　⑩ by the end of 到……为止(强调时间的段)
　　⑩ at the other end of... 在……的那一头
　　⑩ at either end of 在……(两者)的任一头
　　⑩ fight to the end 战斗到底
　　句型：
　　① by the end of + 过去时间(主语 + had + pp.); by the
　　end of + 将来时间(主语 + will have + pp.)
　　② sth end (up) with...；sb end up...with... 以……结束
　　③ sth end (= sth be over)... ……结束了 end sth 结束
　　辨析：complete；end；finish
　　该组词均有＂完成，结束，终止＂之意。但end为普通用
　　词，指一种活动因达到目的而自然结束或因某一原因
　　突然终止，可以用来作业、演讲、争论、旅行、战争或生
　　命等的结束、终止。还可用作名词。finish为常用词，
　　指完成一件事或一个动作，强调圆满地结束已着手的
　　事情，可与名词、动名词搭配，但不能与不定式搭配。
　　complete正式用语。与finish基本同义。着重指完成预
　　定的任务．多用来指完成整个计划、工程系统。一个作
　　家可以说 complete 或 finish (写完) 他的小说，而一个
　　读者只能说 finish (读完) 一本小说。complete 可以表
　　示使某事物完善，补足缺少的部分，使之成为一个整
　　体。而 finish 则不能。例如：
　　he ended his letter with good wishes to the family. 他
　　以向全家问好结束他的信。
　　he has finished writing a speech. 他写好了一篇发言
　　稿。
　　he completed the whole job in two days. 他用两天时间
　　做完了全部工作。
　　【考例10】(XX上海春招) by the end of last year, an—
　　other new gymnasium ____ ln beijing.
　　a. would be completed
　　b. was being completed
　　c. has been completed
　　d. had been completed
　　[考查目标] 考查时态的具体运用。
　　[答案与解析]d by the end of last year 暗示要使用
　　过去完成时态。
　　11. equal adj. n. & v.
　　1) adj. (the same in size, amount, number, degree,
　　etc.) (大小、数量、数目、程度等) 相等的；同样的。常
　　与to或with连用。
　　there should be equal pay for equal work.
　　同工应同酬。
　　2) n. (person or thing equal to another) 相等的人或
　　物；匹敌；相等物。
　　is he your equal in strength?
　　他的力气和你一样大吗?
　　let x be the equal of 6, then 3x is 18.
　　设x与6相等，那么3x与18相等。
　　mix with your equals or betters.
　　与同你相等或比你好的人相交。
　　3) vt. be equal to 等于；使相等。
　　he equals me in strength but not in intelligence.
　　他和我力气相等，但智力不等。
　　if x equals 7, then 4x equals 28.
　　设x等于7，那么4x等于28。
　　9. forbid vt.
　　forbid 是一个不规则动词(forbad / forbade,
　　forbidden)，其词义为order (sb.) not to do sth.；
　　order that sth. should not be done; not allow 禁止；不
　　许。forbid 的常见用法有：
　　1) forbid 后跟复合结构。
　　my parents forbid me to stay out at night.
　　我的父母不许我在外面过夜。
　　2) forbid 后跟名词或代词作宾语。
　　the government decided to forbid the meeting.
　　政府决定禁止这次集会。
　　3) forbid 后跟动名词作宾语。
　　the manager forbids smoking during office hours.
　　经理不许上班时抽烟。
　　4. freezing
　　1) adj. 极冷的，冰冻的
　　on a freezing night the old man was found dead.
　　在一个冰冷的夜晚，人们发现那个老人死了。
　　2) adv. 极冷地，冰冻地
　　it is freezing cold outside.
　　3) n. 冰点，凝固点
　　it was five degrees below freezing.
　　温度是零下5度。
　　the air temperature was now well above freezing.
　　气温高出冰点好多度。
　　【考点4】happen的用法
　　搭配：happen on／upon偶然发现
　　句型：
　　① sth happen (不能用于被动语态)发生某事
　　② sth happen to sb / sth 某人出／发生了某事
　　③ sb happen + 不定式(不定式可根据时间关系选用to
　　do sth；to be + n. / adj. / adv. / prep. phrase；to
　　be doing sth；to have done sth。其否定形式可在
　　happen前加don＂t或didn＂t，也可在不定式前加not)
　　碰巧……
　　④ do you happen to know...? 你可知道……?
　　⑤ it (so) happened that clause 碰巧
　　⑥ as it happens 碰巧；偶然
　　⑦ whatever happens 无论发生什么情况
　　⑧ there happened to be... 碰巧有……
　　辨析：happen；take place；occur；come about
　　该组词均表示＂发生＂，均为不及物动词或动词短语。
　　该组词均含＂发生＂之意，但happen多指具体的、不可预
　　料的事情的发生，强调偶然性，表示具体事情的发生时
　　可与occur互换。另外happe~还有＂碰巧＂之意。take
　　place意为＂发生，举行＂，多指预先计划或预料之中的事
　　情，没有偶然性。occur用法较正式，即可指自然发生，
　　也可指有意安排，常与happen换用，但更强调突然性。
　　come about往往注重事情发生的原因，常与how连用。
　　例如：
　　no matter what happens，you should keep calm. 无论发
　　生什么事，你都要保持冷静。
　　ln 1919, the may 4th movement took place in china.
　　1919年，中国发生了＂五四＂运动。
　　don＂t let the mistake occur again. 别让这样的错误再次
　　发生。
　　tell me how the accident came about. 告诉我这起事故
　　是怎样发生的。
　　【考例4】(XX辽宁)l don＂t know whether you happen
　　____, but i＂m going to study in the u. s. a. this
　　september.
　　a. to be heard b. to be hearing
　　c. to hear d. to have heard
　　[考查目标] 非谓语动词在语境中的时态中的运用。
　　[答案与解析]d happen后面必须接动词不定式，而
　　t ohave heard 强调影响和结果。
　　【考点1l】kind 的用法
　　构词：
　　① unkind adj. 不仁慈的；刻薄的；无情的；不亲切的
　　② kindness n. 仁慈；善良；和蔼，慈祥；好意
　　③ kindly adj. 亲切的；友善的；友好的，和蔼的
　　④ kindly adv. 和蔼地；仁慈地；亲切地
　　⑤ kind-hearted adj. 好心(肠)的；仁慈的
　　⑥ kindliness n. 好心；仁慈
　　搭配：
　　① a kind of 一种；一类；可以说是
　　② all kinds of 各种各样的
　　③ kind of 有点儿；几分
　　④ be (very / so) kind to sb. 对某人(非常)友好；对某人
　　(非常)和蔼
　　⑤ out of kindness 出于好意
　　句型：
　　① sb be (very) kind to do sth 多谢某人做某事
　　② it＂s (very) kind of sb to do sth 多谢某人做某事
　　③ that＂s (very) kind of sb 某人真太好了
　　④ will / would you be so kind as to do sth?
　　⑤ will / would you be kind enough to do sth?
　　⑥ will / would you kindly do sth?
　　⑦ will / would you have the kindness to do sth?
　　⑧ please have the kindness to do sth?
　　⑨ will / would you (please) do sth?
　　以上均为邀请或请求对方做某事的表达。
　　⑩ what kind of + 单数名词…?哪一种……?
　　辨析：kind；sort；type
　　三者都是名词，都有＂种类＂的意思。kind是指属于同
　　种类的东西，有极相似的特质。sort表示比较笼统、模
　　糊的大体上相似的东西。在实际使用时，两者没有什
　　么区别。type表示＂类型＂，比较具体、肯定。例如：
　　what sort of book do you want? 你要一本什么样的书?
　　we have bought some new types of planes. 我们买了几
　　种新型飞机。
　　【考例11】____ to have invited us to the party.
　　a. they will be very kind
　　b. it＂s very kind for them
　　c. it＂s very kind of them
　　d. it＂s very kind that they
　　[考查目标]考查句型。
　　[答案与解析]c it＂s very kind of sb. to do sth 某人做
　　某事真是太好了。表示人的性质或特征要用介词o，。
　　【考点8】mean 的用法
　　构词：
　　① meaning n. 意义；意思，含义
　　② meaningful adj. 有意义的；意义深远的
　　③ meaningless adj. 无意义的
　　搭配：
　　① be meant to 必须；不得不
　　② be meant for sth 注定适于某种用途
　　③ mean no harm 不怀恶意
　　④ mean what sb say 说话算数
　　句型：
　　① sb mean to do sth 打算干……；意欲干……
　　② sb meant to do / have done sth = sb had meant t0 do
　　sth 某人本打算干……
　　③ didn＂t mean to do sth 不是故意干某事的；本不想干
　　某事的
　　④ mean doing 意味着
　　⑤ mean sb to do sth 打算要某人做某事
　　⑥ mean sth / that…意思；表明；表示
　　⑦ i see what you mean. 我明白／知道你的意思。
　　⑧ what do you mean by (doing) sth? ……是什么意
　　思?
　　⑨ what does...mean? = what＂s the (english / chi—
　　nese) meaning of...? = what＂s...in english / chi—
　　nese? = what＂s the english / chinese for...? =
　　what do you call...in english / chinese? = how do
　　you say / express...in english / chinese? 英语／汉
　　语／……是什么意思?
　　⑩ it means (that) clause 那就意味着……
　　⑩ do you mean to say (that)…? 你的意思是……?
　　⑩ you mean... 你的意思是说……
　　【考例8】[XX京、皖春招]
　　-- why haven＂t you bought any butter?
　　-- i ____ to but i forgot about it．
　　a. liked b. wished
　　c. meant d. expected
　　[考查目标] 本题考查mean的词义。
　　[答案与解析]c mean后跟不定式的时候意思是＂打
　　算做某事＂。在简答句中用mean to。
　　【考点5】provide的用法
　　句型：
　　① provide sb sth 提供
　　② provide sb. with sth 给某人提供某物
　　③ provide sth for sb. 给某人提供某物
　　④ provide that... 规定
　　⑤ providing that... 如果，倘若
　　辨析：give；offer；provide；supply
　　该组词均有＂供给，供应＂之意，它们之间的主要区别在
　　结构上。
　　① give 常见结构有：give sb. sth = give sth to sb；
　　② offer 强调＂主动提供＂。常见结构有：offer sth；offer
　　sb sth = offer sth to sb；offer to do sth
　　③ provide 常见结构有：provide sth；provide sb sth；
　　provide + 供应品for + 人或机构；provide + 人或
　　机构with + 供应品；
　　④ supply常见结构有：supply + 人或机构 with + 供应
　　品；supply + 供应品 to / for + 人或机构；be sup—
　　plied with sth 装配着……
　　the trip in the u. s．gave me great pleasure. 美国之行
　　使我非常快乐。
　　he offered me his help. = he offered his help to me. =
　　he offered to help me. = he made an offer to help me.
　　= he made an offer of help to me. 他主动提出要帮我。
　　the school provides the children with breakfast. = the
　　school provides the children breakfast. = the school
　　provides breakfast for the children. 学校向孩子们提供
　　早餐。
　　the government supplied money and clothes to the pep—
　　pie in the flooded area free of charge. 政府向灾区人民
　　免费提供钱款和衣物。
　　友情提示：当牵涉到金钱时，provide往往意味着＂免
　　费供给／供应＂，而supply则不明确，一般说来＂给某人
　　提供某物＂时须给钱。
　　【考例5】＂the villagers provided the soldiers ____
　　food.＂ means ＂the villagers provided food ____ the
　　soldiers.＂
　　a. with; with b. for; for
　　c. with; for d. for; with
　　[考查目标] 考查动词固定短语的搭配。
　　[答案与解析]c provide sb with sth = provide sth
　　for sb.
　　2. range v. & n.
　　1) v. 在……范围内变化；变动
　　prices range from 5 dollars to 10 dollars.
　　价格自五美元至十美元不等。
　　the increase ranged from several to several dozen
　　times.
　　增长几倍至几十倍不等。
　　2) n. 行列，范围
　　we discussed a very wide range of questions at the
　　meeting.
　　会上我们讨论了十分广泛的问题。
　　【考点2】range 的用法
　　搭配：
　　① range of vision 视野
　　② a range of buildings 一排排建筑物
　　③ within range 在范围内
　　④ out of range 在范围外；在射程外
　　【考例2】(XX上海)
　　-- can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree?
　　-- no, it＂s out of ____.
　　a. range b．reach
　　c. control d. distance
　　[考查目标]考查固定搭配。
　　[答案与解析]a 没能射到鸟的原因是鸟在射程外
　　(out of range)。
　　12. separate a. & vt.
　　1) separate 可用作形容词，意思是＂单独的；分开
　　的＂。
　　the children sleep in separate beds.
　　孩子们都睡在各自的床上。
　　they lead separate lives.
　　他们各自单独生活。 ．
　　2) separate 还可用作动词，意思是＂(使事物或人与
　　人)分离；分开＂，常与介词 from 搭配。
　　this patient should be separated from the others.
　　这个病人应该隔离。
　　england is separated from france by the channel.
　　英国和法国之间隔着英吉利海峡。
　　【考点7】speak的用法
　　构词：
　　① speaker n. 说话人；演讲人，演说家；演说者；扬声器；
　　喇叭
　　② loudspeaker = speaker 扬声器；喇叭
　　③ speech n. 演说；演讲
　　④ spoken adj. 口头的
　　⑤ english-speaking (countries / secretary) 说英语的
　　(国家／秘书)；spoken english 英语口语
　　搭配：
　　① speak of / about sb / sth 谈到，提及，谈及，谈论
　　② speak to / with sb (about sth) 对某人讲某事，与某
　　人谈某事
　　③ speak out (尤指沉默后)大胆公开地说出来
　　④ speak loudly = speak in a loud voice 大声地说
　　⑤ speak / tell the truth 说实话；讲真话
　　⑥ speak english 说英语
　　⑦ speak very well / highly of 称赞；赞扬
　　⑧ speak ill / poorly of 说某人坏话／对某人评价不好
　　⑨ speak one＂s mind 说心里话；直言不讳；坦率地说出自
　　己的想法
　　⑩ so to speak 可谓，可以说
　　⑩ speak on tv to sb 在电视上对某人讲话
　　⑩ speak on / over the radio 在收音机中讲话
　　⑩ speak at the meeting 在会上发言
　　⑩ generally / properly / frankly / strictly / exactly /
　　honestly speaking 一般／大体／坦白／严格／精确／诚实
　　说来
　　常用电话用语
　　-- who is that (speaking)?
　　-- this is…(speaking). = ...speaking.
　　-- who＂s that? 你是哪位?
　　-- this is mary speaking. 我是玛丽。
　　may / could / can i speak to...? 请找……接电话好
　　吗?
　　友情提示：后接(某种)语言时为及物动词。其余多为
　　不及物动词。
　　【考例7】(nmet 1995)
　　-- what did you think of her speech?
　　-- she ____ for one hour but didn＂t ____
　　much.
　　a. spoke; speak b. spoke; say
　　c. said; speak d. said; say
　　[考查目标] 考查动词的辨析与搭配。
　　[答案与解析]b speak表示说话的能力，可以用作vt.
　　/vi.；say sth (to sb.) 表示＂对某人说……＂。
　　10. speech
　　speech 用作可数名词时，意为＂演说＂(talk or address
　　given in public)。
　　[搭配] make / deliver / give a speech 发言；演说
　　he made a very boring after-dinner speech.
　　他在宴会后的讲话很枯燥。
　　speech 作不可数名词用时，意为＂语言；说话的能力；
　　方式＂等 (power, manner, act of speaking)。
　　it is said that speech is silver while silence is gold.
　　人们说占语是银，沉默是金。
　　8. trust vt. & vi. 相信；信任，信赖；有信心
　　don＂t trust him--he＂s not telling the truth.
　　不要相信他，他说的不是真话。
　　we trust him because we know he has never deceived
　　anyone.
　　我们信任他，因为我们知道他从来没有欺骗过任何人。
　　【考点6】wait的用法
　　构词：
　　① waiter n. (餐厅)男服务员；侍者
　　② waitress n. (餐厅)女服务员；(女)侍者
　　③ waiting room n. 候车室；候诊室；候机室
　　④ await v. 等待 (比wait正式)
　　搭配：
　　① wait for sb. / sth 等待／等候某人／某物
　　② wait one＂s + n. 等待
　　③ wait one＂s turn 等待轮到某人
　　④ wailt one＂s chance / opportunity / time / hour等待时
　　机
　　⑤ wait one＂s arrival 等待某人的到来
　　⑥ wait one＂s convenience 等到方便时
　　⑦ wait on / upon sb 伺候；服侍；侍候
　　⑧ wait in line 排队等候
　　⑨ wait a minute 等一下
　　句型：
　　① have a long wait for... 长时间等……
　　② wait to do sth 等着做某事
　　③ wait for sb. / sth to do sth 等待某人／某物干某事
　　④ wait and see. 等着看；你很快就会知道／明白／清楚的
　　⑤ can＂t wait to do sth 希望；盼望；急于想干某事；迫不
　　及待地十某事；一心想干某事
　　【考例6】(XX北京) ____ in the queue for half an
　　hour. tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet
　　at home.
　　a. to wait b. have waited
　　c. having waited d. to have waited
　　[考查目标]考查非谓语动词作状语的用法。
　　[答案与解析]c having waited 的动作发生在谓语动
　　词realized之前。
　　[牛刀小试 l]
　　用所给单词的适当形式填空：
　　(act, benefit, wait, happen, speak, mean)
　　1. -- what has ____ to him, do you know?
　　--i hope nothing has happened to my friend.
　　2. however late he is, his wife will stand at the gate
　　____ for him to come back.
　　3. i have ____ a lot through reading widely, for it
　　enriches my knowledge.
　　4. -- why haven＂t you bought any butter?
　　-- i ____ to but i forgot about it.
　　5. if you often practise ____ english, your spoken
　　english will be greatly improved.
　　6. indeed, she ____ like a teacher to us.
　　【短语归类】
　　16. at first sight 乍一看
　　it may, at first sight, seem a surprising choice.
　　乍一看，这个选择似乎令人惊讶。
　　tom loved mary at first sight.
　　汤姆对玛丽一见钟情。
　　[拓展]与 sight 有关的短语
　　catch sight of 看到
　　in / within sight 看得见
　　out of sight 看不见
　　3. break down
　　1) 拆散，分解
　　chemicals in the body break our food down into useful
　　substances.
　　人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。
　　we should break down old conventions and think big.
　　我们应该打破旧框框，敢于幻想。
　　2) (机器) 损坏
　　the car broke down halfway to the destination.
　　汽车在到达目的地的中途抛锚了。
　　the 8 o＂clock train broke down at beijing station and
　　w&s taken off the line.
　　8点钟的那趟车因在北京车站出了故障而被取消
　　了。
　　[拓展]关于 break 的一些短语：
　　break up [分解，拆散；驱散，解散，终止；(某种关系)结束)] / break away from 脱离；挣脱 / break into 破门而入 / break out 爆发；发生 / break through 突破
　　break down 与 break up 均有＂分解＂的意思。break
　　down 一般指化学变化，break up 一般指物理变化。
　　water can be broken down into hydmgen and oxygen.
　　水可以分解成氢和氧。(化学变化)
　　the ice of the river begins to break up at the beginning
　　of march.
　　河里的冰在三月初开始融化。(物理变化)
　　【考点2】与example有关的短语
　　① set / give sb an example = set / give an example to sb
　　给某人树立榜样
　　② follow sb＂s example = copy the example of sb 学习某
　　人的样子
　　③ take sb as an example 以某人为榜样
　　④ take sb / sth for example 以某人／某事为例
　　⑤ for example 例如
　　[例句] he arrived at the office early，to set an exampje
　　to the others. 为了给他人树立榜样，他及早到了办公室。
　　they set an example of plain living. 他树立了简朴生活
　　的榜样。
　　his politeness is a good example for others to follow. 他
　　的彬彬有礼是别人学习的榜样。
　　take an youqi(for example), she＂s an excellent sing-
　　er. 以安又琪为例，他是个优秀的歌手。
　　【考例2】we should look up to him ____ a shining
　　example ____ bravery and wisdom.
　　a. as; of b. for; as
　　c. as; for d. with; of
　　[考查目标] 此题主要考查短语中的介词使用问题。
　　[答案与解析]a 我们应该尊敬他，把他作为一个闪光
　　的典型。第一空应是＂作为＂，第二空应是＂勇敢和智慧
　　的典型＂，所以应填of。
　　7. give off 放出，发出
　　burning leaves give off thick smoke.
　　烧焦的树叶发出一股浓烟。
　　the gas gave off an unpleasant smell.
　　这种气体发出一种难闻的气味。
　　[拓展]与 give 有关的短语
　　give away 赠送
　　give out 分发
　　give in 屈服
　　give up 放弃
　　give birth to 生(孩子)，使诞生
　　give rise to 引起
　　【考点1】与hand有关的短语
　　① join hands 携手；合伙
　　② have a hand in 参与，插手
　　③ at hand 在手边，在附近；即将到来
　　④ lend / give (sb) a hand in 帮忙，参加
　　⑤ by hand 手工的
　　⑥ with / by the (a) strong hand 强制地
　　⑦ hand in 上交
　　⑧ hand in hand 手拉手
　　⑨ hands up 举手
　　⑩ hand to hand 短兵相接
　　⑩ in hand 在手中(持有)
　　⑥ on the hand..., on the other hand 一方面……，另一方
　　面……
　　[例句] he joined hands with his brother to start their
　　own company. 他和他的弟弟联手共建自己的公司。
　　i had a hand in arranging the party. 我参与了聚会的筹
　　备工作。
　　the autumn harvest is at hand. 秋收就要到来。
　　this toy was made by hand. 这个玩具是手工制作的。
　　they will carry out the measure with a strong hand. 他
　　们将强制执行这项措施。
　　【考例1】we can ____ the workers and peasants in
　　participating in the revolution.
　　a. take part in b. connect with
　　c. join hands with d. ask for
　　[考查目标] 此题主要考查短语的使用问题。
　　[答案与解析]c take part in 参加(活动)。connect
　　with 指交通工具相衔接。ask for 要求。语境中要填
　　＂携手合作＂。
　　【考点5】make短语
　　①make up构成；化妆；编造；弥补
　　②make it按时到达；成功做某事
　　③make sense有意义
　　④make sense of理解
　　⑤make out辨认出；理解
　　⑥ make clear (清楚)说明；表明
　　⑦ make peace 讲和
　　⑧ make room for 给……让地方
　　[例句]ten doctors make up the medical team. = the
　　medical team is made up of ten doctors. 这支医疗队由
　　10名医生组成。
　　after years as an unsuccessful businessman he＂s finally
　　made it. 多年以来他是一个不成功的商人，但最后终于
　　成功了。
　　his arguments have never made much sense. 他的争论
　　没有意义。
　　i can＂t make out the address, which was written so bad—
　　ly. 我无法辨认出这个地址，写得太潦草了。
　　have you made your peace with your wife yet? 你和你
　　妻子讲和了吗?
　　there were already three people sitting on the sofa。but
　　l tried to make room for her. 沙发上已坐了三人，但我
　　想给她腾个地方。
　　she made it clear that she would leave. 她说得很清楚她
　　要离开。
　　【考例5】the idea puzzled me so much that i stopped for
　　a few seconds to try to ____.
　　a. make it out b. make it off
　　c. make it up d. make it over
　　[考查目标] 此题主要考查短语辨义。
　　[答案与解析]a 因为我受到迷惑，所以努力发现真
　　相。make it out发现真相。
　　14. make sense
　　1) 有意义；有道理；讲得通
　　what you say makes no sense.
　　你说的话没有道理。
　　2) 明智的；合情理的
　　it doesn＂t make sense to buy that expensive coat when
　　these cheaper onesarejust as good.
　　这些便宜的大衣也很好，何必非买那件贵的不可。
　　it would make sense to leave early.
　　还是早点儿走好。
　　注意区别 make sense 和 make sense of, make sense of
　　的意思是＂理解或弄懂困难的事物＂。
　　this sentence doesn＂t make any sense.
　　这个句子说不通。
　　【考点4】与 prison 有关的短语
　　① put sb in / into prison 把某人关进监狱
　　② throw / cast sb into prison 把某人关进监狱
　　③ send sb to prison 把某人关进监狱
　　④ go to prison 入狱；被监禁
　　⑤ be taken to prison 被关人监狱
　　⑥ break prison (= escape from prison) 越狱，从狱中逃
　　走
　　⑦ be in prison 在监狱(服刑)
　　[例句]he has been in prison for five years. 他坐了五年
　　牢。
　　he broke prison and went abroad. 他越狱逃到国外去
　　了。
　　the pickpocket was sent to prison for a year. 那个小偷
　　被判处一年监禁。
　　友情提示：与prison有关的短语中，要注意有无冠词
　　的差异。go to the prison 到监狱去(不是坐牢)；而go
　　to prison 入狱，被监禁(去坐牢)。
　　【考例4】having been in ____ prison for a month,
　　charles, who looked very like sidney, was carried out
　　of ____ prison and taken home.
　　a. 不填; the b. 不填; 不填
　　c. the; 不填 d. the; the
　　[考查目标] 此题主要考查prison的词义。
　　[答案与解析]a prison用于＂被监禁＂、＂入狱＂时，
　　prison前无冠词。当prison指具体的场所时，则前应
　　带冠词。
　　15. regardless of 不管……；不顾……
　　he says what he thinks, regardless of other people＂s
　　feelings.
　　他怎么想就怎么说，不考虑别人的情绪。
　　regardless ofwhether heis right orwrong, we have to
　　abide bv his decisions.
　　不管他对还是错，我们都得遵守他的决定。
　　【考点3】与 sight 有关的短语
　　① at first sight 一见就……；初次看见时
　　② at the sight of 一看见就……
　　③ be in sight 看得见。在眼前
　　④ catch (have，gain，get) sight of 发现；看出
　　⑤ come in (into) sight 呈现在眼前
　　⑥ find favour in sb＂s sight 受某人欢迎(宠爱)，被看中
　　⑦ fix one＂s sight on(upon)... 注视
　　⑧ go (get) out of sight 看不见了
　　⑨ lose one＂s sight 失明
　　[例句] i recognized him at first sight. 我一眼就认出了
　　他。
　　they ran away at the sight of the police. 他们一看到警
　　察就跑了。
　　i was walking along the country road when i caught
　　sight of a fox catching a cock in its mouth. 走在乡村小
　　道上时。我突然看见一只狐狸嘴里叼着一只公鸡。
　　he stood at the airport and watched until the plane was
　　out of sight in the sky. 他站在机场上看着飞机直到它
　　消失在空中。
　　peace was in sight. 和平在望。
　　【考例3】i caught ____ of her ____ away but l
　　didn＂t try to speak to her.
　　a. hold；to hurry b．sight；hurrying
　　c．hold；hurry d．sight；hurried
　　[考查目标]此题主要考查短语辨义以及非谓语动词的
　　用法区别。
　　[答案与解析]b catch hold of 抓住，catch sight of，
　　看见．属于感官动词，后接动名词，表示动作正在进行。
　　题意是：我看见她匆忙离开。但没有跟她打招呼。
　　5. take advantage of 充分利用 = make use of sth.
　　properly
　　they took full advantage of the hotel＂s equipment.
　　他们充分利用旅馆的设备。
　　she took advantage of my honesty.
　　她利用了我的诚实。
　　词语比较
　　1. attend, join, join in, participate, take part in
　　这些动词或词组都有＂参加，加入＂之意。
　　(1)attend 侧重于指参加或出席会议或学术活动等。
　　the meeting was well attended.
　　很多人出席了会议。
　　they had a quiet wedding -- only a few friends attended
　　it．
　　他们的婚礼静悄悄的 — 只有几个朋友参加。
　　(2)join 普通用词。指加入党派、团体或游戏活动等。
　　he joined the army after he left the university.
　　他大学毕业后就参军了。
　　(3)join in 指参加活动或游戏。
　　can ijoin in the game?
　　我能参加这个游戏吗?
　　they all joined in,singing the christmas carols．
　　他们一起唱圣诞颂歌。
　　(4)participate正式用词，特指参加团体活动，暗示以
　　一个积极的角色参加。
　　she actively participates in local politics.
　　她积极参与本地政治活动。
　　(5)take part in 侧重参加某次群众性、集体性的事
　　业、工作或活动，突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作
　　用。
　　he took an active part in the discussion held yesterday.
　　他积极参加昨天举行的讨论会。
　　2. act as, act like
　　(1) act as 的意思是＂充当＂，＂担任＂，相当于serve as，
　　可与人或物连用，如：doctor，director，intepreter，
　　guide，coach，teacher，go-between，furniture，tools等
　　字搭配使用，as是连词。
　　this herb can act as an antidote against snakebite.
　　这种药草可用作蛇咬的解毒药。
　　last summer she acted as a guide for tourists.
　　去年夏天，她担任旅游向导。
　　(2) act like 的意思是＂行为像＂，＂举动像＂，相当于英
　　语的to act in the manner of，它常与人或动物名词连
　　用，like是介词，其后接宾语。
　　the child acts like a grow-up.
　　那个孩子的举动像成年人一样。
　　don＂t act like a fool!
　　别像傻瓜一般!
　　[牛刀小试2]
　　1. i will show you how to hit the ball and then you must
　　____ my example．
　　a．copy b．watch
　　c．set d．make
　　2. not having a good excuse for being late，sally made
　　one ____.
　　a. out b. off
　　c. over d. up
　　3. i want you to ____ during my interview with the
　　police.
　　a. join hands b. be at hand
　　c. do by hand d. have hand
　　4. smith ____ for 2 years for political reasons when
　　he was young.
　　a. was put in prison
　　b. was in the prison
　　c. was sent to the prison
　　d. was in prison
　　5.-- where＂s the dictionary?
　　-- it＂s on the top sheik, out of ____.
　　a. sight b. touch
　　c. reach d. order
　　句型诠释
　　1. as
　　as一词用法非常灵活，现将高中阶段习惯用法总结
　　如下：
　　1) adv. (副词)
　　同等地；一样地；同一限度或程度地
　　this dress is twice as expensive as that.
　　这件连衣裙比那件贵一倍。
　　2) conj. (连接词)
　　① 像；如同；同等的程度或量，常用作关联词置于so
　　或as之后。
　　the situation is not so bad as you suggest.
　　情形不像你说的那样糟。
　　② in the same manner or way that：以同样方式；以同
　　样方法
　　do as i say and sit down.
　　照我说的，坐下。
　　③ (at the same time that；while) 同时；当……时
　　i slipped on the ice as i ran home.
　　我跑回家时在冰上滑了一跤。
　　④ (for the reason; on that; because) 由于；因为
　　i went to bed early, as i was exhausted.
　　我睡得早，因为我筋疲力尽了。
　　⑤ (although) 尽管；即使；虽然。用于形容词或副词
　　之后，引导让步状语从句。
　　young as i am, i already know what career i want to
　　follow.
　　我虽然还小，可是对要从事的职业已胸有成竹r。
　　⑥ (with the result that) 结果
　　he was so foolish as to lie.
　　他太傻才会撒谎。
　　3) pron. (代词) 相当于that；which；who。用在
　　same 或 such后，引导定浯从句。
　　i received the same grade as you did.
　　我和你得分一样。
　　4) prep. (介词)
　　① (in the role, capacity, or function of) 以……的身
　　份，作为；充当角色、身份或功能。
　　they entered the building dressed up as cleaners.
　　他们化装成清洁工人的模样进人大楼。
　　② (when or while sb. is...) 当某人是(某身份)的时候
　　as a child she was sent to six different schools.
　　她儿时前后上过六所学校。
　　5) 常用短语：
　　so as to 为了
　　so as not to 以便不；免得
　　so...as to 这(那)样……以致
　　so long as 只要
　　as for 至于；就……方面说来
　　as if / though 好像……似的；仿佛……一样
　　as it is 事实上；实际上；照现在的样子
　　as they are 事实上；实际上；照现在的样子
　　as it were 仿佛；好像；可以说
　　as many (much) as 到……程度；多达；和……一样多
　　as to 谈到；关于；至于
　　as we 同样；也
　　2. whatever 在从句中的用法既可以引导让步状语从
　　句，也可以引导名词性从句，当 whatever 引导让步状
　　语从句时，相当于 no matter what。当 whatever 引导
　　名词性从句时，whatever 相当于 anything that。
　　you can eat whatever you like.
　　你想吃什么就吃什么。(宾语从句)
　　whatever i have is yours.
　　我的东西都是你的。(主语从句)
　　keep calm, whatever (= no matter what) happens.
　　不论出什么事都要冷静。(让步状语从句)
　　【句型归纳】
　　【考点1】what is it that makes the ocean such a great
　　place to live? 是什么使得海洋成为如此大的居住空间
　　呢?
　　本句为强调句型，其结构为：it + is / was + 被强调部分
　　+ that (强调人时也可用who) + 句子其他部分，用来强
　　调除谓语以外的其他成分。例如：
　　it is the ability to do the job that matters not where you
　　come from or what you are. 重要的是你的工作能力，而
　　不是你的出身和来历。
　　what is it that hawking does not like about his speech
　　computer? 霍金对他的语音电脑不满意的地方是什么呢?
　　注意：如果被强调的是动词，则在动词之前加do。或
　　did，或does。例如：
　　she does get up very early every morning. 她确实每天
　　起得很早。
　　【考例1】(XX上海) why! i have nothing to confess.
　　____ you want me to say?
　　a. what is it that b．what it is that
　　c. how is it that d. how it is that
　　[考查目标]本题考查考生对特殊疑问句与强调句型混
　　合结构的运用能力。
　　[答案与解析]a 本句为强调句型同时又是特殊疑问
　　句。选择时要注意两点：用疑问语序；特殊疑问词充当
　　say的宾语，必须使用代词what。
　　【考点2】what all these groups have in common is that
　　they ask to be treated with respect, share the rights to
　　work。good housing conditions and education and be trea—
　　ted equal to other people in all ways. 这些组织的共同之
　　处就是他们要求受到尊重，拥有工作。良好的住房条件
　　和受教育的权利。并且在各方面与其他人一样受到平
　　等的对待。
　　本句中，要注意what引导的主语从句和that引导的表
　　语从句。它们都是名词性从句。名词性从句包括四
　　种，即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
　　名词性从句常由that，who，whom，what，whether及
　　when，where引导。且必须是陈述句语序。例如：
　　that light travels in straight line is known to all. (主语
　　从句，that引导主语从句不可省)
　　it was my fault that i had him play football all after—
　　noon. (主语从句，通常以it作形式主语出现)
　　the reason why he was late was that he missed the
　　tram’by one minute this morning. (表语从句)
　　the teacher totd us that tom had left us for america.
　　(宾语从句)
　　the idea that one can do the work without thinking is
　　wrong. (同位语从句，说明idea的具体内容)。
　　【考例2】(XX上海)after yang liwei succeeded in
　　circling the earth, ____ our astronauts desire to do
　　is walk in space.
　　a. where b. what
　　c. that d. how
　　[考查目标]本题考查考生对名词性从句的运用能力。
　　[答案与解析]b 连词what引导主语从句，其中what
　　在主语从句中充当do的宾语。
　　【考点3】in the end the government lamyers in the capital
　　said that the bus company was wrong to separate blacks
　　from whites. 最后，该州首府的政府律师说，公共汽车公
　　司把黑人与白人分离开是错误的。
　　本句中，要注意separate...from 的用法。separate通常
　　是指把原来连在一起或靠近的事物＂分离、分开＂，也可
　　作形容词用，表示＂单独的＂。例如：
　　the electrician separated the broken wire from the oth—
　　ers. 电工把断了的电线和其他电线分开。
　　the word has two separate meanings. 那个单词有两种
　　不同的意思。
　　注意：pide...into 强调把一个整体分为若干部分。例
　　如：
　　let＂s pide the cake into three. 我们将蛋糕分成三份
　　吧。
　　【考例3】(XX上海) hospital staff burst into cheers
　　after doctors completed a 20-hour operation to have
　　____ one-year-old twins at the head．
　　a. isolated b. separated
　　c. pided d. removed
　　[考查目标]本题考查考生对动词的辨析和运用能力。
　　[答案与解析]b isolate 表示＂使……孤立＂；separate
　　表示＂把……分开(原本不是整体)＂；pide表示＂把整
　　体分成若干部分＂；remove表示＂把……移开＂。根据本
　　题题义可以知道，需要填separate。
　　【考点4】in 1893, new zealand became the first country
　　in the world to give women the right to vote. 在1893年。
　　新西兰成为世界上第一个赋予妇女选举权的国家。
　　本句中，要注意动词不定式作定语的用法。the first，
　　the last，the next等常可在后面跟不定式作定语。这
　　时，the first，the last，the next等常可用作代词。例
　　如：
　　he is always the first to come and the last to lcave. 他
　　总是第一个来，最后一个走。
　　t0day tom was the first to finl’sh his homework. 今天
　　汤姆是第一个完成作业的。
　　【考例4】(XX上海春招) she will teil us why she feels
　　so strongly that each of us has a role ____ in mak—
　　ing the earth a better place to live.
　　a. to have played b. to play
　　c. to be played d. to be playing
　　[考查目标] 本题考查考生对动词不定式的运用能力。
　　[答案与解析]b play a role 表示＂发挥作用，扮演角
　　色＂。本题中，所给选项动词不定式在句中作定语，与
　　名词role存在着动宾关系，同时又与主语she存在着逻
　　辑上的主谓关系。须用动词不定式的主动形式表示被
　　动意义。
　　[牛刀小试3]
　　1. i have always been honest and straight forward, and
　　it doesn＂t matter ____ i＂m talking to. (XX 广东)
　　a. who is it b. who it is
　　c. it is who d. it is whom
　　2. it was with great joy ____ he received the news
　　that his daughter had been found. (XX 福建)
　　a. because b. which
　　c. since d. that
　　3. as we joined the big crowd. i got ____ from my
　　friend. (nmet XX)
　　a. separated b. spared
　　c. lost d. missed
　　4. it was only when i reread his poems recently
　　____ i began to appreciate their beauty. (nmet
　　1998)
　　a. until b. that
　　c. then d. so
　　5. a story goes ____ elizabeth i of england liked
　　nothing more than being surrounded by clever and
　　qualified noblemen at court. (XX 上海)
　　a. when b. where
　　c. what d. that
　　6. i think father would like to know ____ i＂ve been
　　up to so far, so i decide to send him a quick note.
　　(XX 湖南)
　　a. which b. why
　　c. what d. how
　　7. when i handed the report to john, he said george
　　was the person ____. (1996 上海)
　　a. to send b. for sending
　　c. to send it to d. for sending it to
　　8. there are five pairs ____, but i＂m at a loss
　　which to buy. (1999 上海)
　　a. to be chosen b. to choose from
　　c. to choose d. for choosing
　　【交际速成】
　　【考点1】情态动词在交际语言中表示推测的用法
　　(nmet 1998)
　　-- i stayed at a hotel while in new york.
　　-- oh, did you? you ____ with barbara.
　　a. could have stayed b. cbuld stay
　　c. would stay d. must have stayed
　　[答案与解析]a 此题考查情态动词在交际语言中的
　　具体运用。由题干中的＂did you?＂这一句得知此题所
　　需要的答案表示对过去事实的推测，也是表示建议。
　　b、c两项都不是对过去的推测，应该排除，但是d项过
　　于肯定，与题意不符，故只有a项正确。
　　【归纳】交际语言中用情态动词表达对过去事实推测的
　　常见的方式有：
　　① must have done 一定做了
　　② could have done 可能做了
　　③ might have done 也许做了
　　④ should have dode本 来应该做(而实际没做)
　　⑤ shouldn＂t have done 本来不应该做(而实际做了)。
　　例如：
　　-- the ground is wet. 地上是湿的。
　　-- it must have rained last night.昨天晚上一定下雨
　　了。
　　【考点2】怎样用英语表达逻辑关系
　　(XX北京春招)
　　-- do you think i should get a good guidebook?
　　-- yes, of course. ____, you also need a good cam-
　　era and comfortable shoes.
　　a. what＂s more b. in other words
　　c. by the way d. all in all
　　[答案与解析]a 这道题考查的是逻辑关系的表达方
　　式。根据后半句中also以及句意可以知道此处要表达
　　的内容是＂另外，还有＂，而b项表示＂换句话说＂，c项
　　表示＂顺便说一下＂，d项表示＂整个说来，大体而言＂。
　　故只有a项正确。
　　【归纳】常见的表达逻辑关系的方式有：
　　① what happened first was that...
　　② ...happened as a result of...
　　③ you could expect...because---
　　④ that led to...
　　⑤ one of the reason why...is...
　　⑥ ...is often followed by... 例如：
　　what happened first was that he helped the black slaves
　　escape from the usa to canada. you could expect that
　　led to the slave owners against him. then he took up his
　　arms to fight against his enemies。最先发生的事情是他
　　帮助黑奴从美国逃往加拿大。你可以想像得到，这件
　　事导致了奴隶主反对他，然后他就拿起武器与敌人作
　　斗争。
　　[牛刀小试 4]
　　1.-- mum, i＂ve been studying english since 8 o＂clock.
　　____ i go out and play with tom for a while?
　　--no, i＂m afraid not. besides, it＂s raining outside
　　now. (XX 辽宁)
　　a. can＂t b. wouldn＂t
　　c. may not d. won＂t
　　2. i don＂t mind picking up your things from the store.
　　____, the walk will do me good. (XX 全国卷i)
　　a. sooner or later b. still
　　c. in time d. besides
　　3. -- you must＂have enjoyed using your new camera.
　　-- ____. (XX 名校示范卷)
　　a. i＂m sorry b. i could have
　　c. i must have d. i＂m afraid not
　　4. -- is john coming by train?
　　-- he should, but he ____ not. he likes driving
　　his car. (nmet XX)
　　a. must b. can
　　c. need d. may
　　5. -- i stayed at a hotel while in beijing.
　　-- oh, did you? you ____ with wang pin.
　　a. could have stayed
　　b. could stay
　　c. would stay
　　d. must have stayed
　　精典题例
　　( )1. -- cathefine，i have cleaned the room for you.
　　-- thanks. you ____ it. i could manage it
　　myself. (XX 福建)
　　a. needn＂t do b. needn＂t have done
　　c. mustn＂t do d. shouldn＂t have done
　　【解析】选b needn＂t have done 表示原本没必要做
　　某事，然而做了。shouldn＂t have done 表示本不应该做某
　　事，’然而做了。此处，表示＂你原来没必要打扫＂。
　　( )2. in our childhood, we were often ____ by
　　grandma to pay attention to our table manners.
　　a. demanded b. reminded
　　c. allowed d. hoped
　　【解析】选b remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事，
　　被动结构是sb. is reminded to do sth.；没有demand / hope
　　sb. to do sth. 结构，若选c，意思不符。
　　( )3. why! i have nothing to confess. ____ you
　　want me to say? (XX 上海)
　　a. what is it that b. what it is that
　　c. how is it that d. how it is that
　　【解析】选a这是强调句的疑问句型。
　　( )4. it was ____ back home after the experiment.
　　(XX 湖北)
　　a. not until midnight did he go
　　b. until midnight that he didn＂t go
　　c. not until midnight that he went
　　d. unfil midnight when he didn＂t go
　　【解析】选c 该句强调的部分是时间状语＂not until
　　midnight＂。
　　( )5. ____ i can see, there is only one possible way
　　to keep away from the danger. (XX 京皖春招)
　　a. as long as b. as far as
　　c. just as d. even if
　　【解析】选b as far as i can see 意为＂就我所知，依我
　　看＂，一般放于句首。
　　( )6. ＂you can＂t cateh me!＂ janet shouted, ____
　　away. (XX 全国ii)
　　a. run b. running
　　c. to run d. ran
　　【解析】选b 此处，running away充当伴随状语，因
　　为run away与句子的逻辑主语含有主动含义，因此，用现
　　在分词。
　　( )7. -- how often do you eat out?
　　--____, but usually once a week. (XX 天
　　津)
　　a. have no idea b. it depends
　　c. as usual d. generally speaking
　　【解析】选b it depends，意为＂看情况＂，它既可单独
　　使用，也可用于句首。
　　( )8. when ____ help, one often says ＂thank you.＂
　　or ＂it＂s kind of you.＂ (XX 福建)
　　a. offering b. to offer
　　c. to be offered d. offered
　　【解析】选d此处，offer与句子的逻辑主语含有被
　　动含义，因此，用过去分词。过去分词充当状语含有被动
　　含义。