来源 | Medium
本文的案例节选自《区块链应用与慈善捐赠报告》(Blockchain Applications: Charitable Giving)。了解本文所讨论案例研究的更多细节，请搜索：
https://medium.com/bpfoundation/blockchain-applications-charitable-giving-a3c50837f464
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案例研究1 世界粮食计划署——叙利亚难民，约旦
世界粮食计划署WFP 正在越来越多地以现金拨付的方式提供援助，并一直在试用区块链使这些资金转移更加有效、透明和安全。
2017年1月，WFP启动了一项“概念验证”(proof of concept，POC)工作，以确认区块链在巴基斯坦信德省(Sindh Province, Pakistan)验证和注册交易能力的基本假设。
世界粮食计划署吸取经验教训，在约旦难民营建立并实施了一个更加健全的区块链系统。截至2018年10月，超过10万名居住在难民营的人通过基于区块链的“Building Blocks”系统兑换了他们的食品现金援助。
对于生活在难民营中的难民来说，“Building Blocks”与难民署的生物识别技术相结合，使难民能够在当地超市使用安装在收银机上的摄像头进行身份识别。一旦在联合国数据库中被确认，就会向世界粮食计划署区块链账户上的家庭账户发出查询并结清账单。
“Building Blocks”项目并没有影响难民和零售商的运作和互动，因为它主要取代的是处理资金的金融服务公司的功能。WFP区块链对该零售商发生的每笔交易都有完整的内部记录，以确保转账过程更大程度的透明度和安全性。
它还为叙利亚难民提供了更有效的隐私保护，使他们的身份和其他个人数据不再与金融服务公司共享。去中介的交易处理和结算使交易变得更快、更便宜。较此前由WFP支付给银行和其他费用降低了98%。
“Building Blocks”项目还可以帮助没有政府身份证明文件或银行账户的人建立一份财务和法律历史记录，可用于在未来获得工作、永久住所和其他必需品。该项目非常成功，WFP希望在2018年底之前能够覆盖约旦境内的全部50万叙利亚难民。
最后，WFP创新和变革管理主任罗伯特·奥普(Robert Opp)承认，使用共享和分布式数据库而不是区块链系统也可以取得类似的结果。然而该项目的目标是将其扩展到其他项目和援助机构，在这一点上，区块链的透明度、安全性和隐私性对于提高所有援助机构的数据价值和效率至关重要。
©Matt Collamer on Unsplash
案例研究2 爱丽丝资助平台——圣芒戈，英国
爱丽丝(Alice Funding Platform)是一个社会融资平台，它使用基于成果的融资来激励慈善机构，只在达成特定目标时才向慈善机构付款。每个项目的绩效都是公开的，这使得捐赠者更容易识别和支持扩展实际有效的社会项目。在平台上共享影响力数据有望显著降低尽职调查和报告成本，并帮助社会组织更有效地协作。
爱丽丝资助平台上的第一个在地项目是由英国针对无家可归者的慈善机构圣芒戈斯(St Mungo’s)运营的一个试点项目，旨在帮助15名在伦敦露宿的人重建生活。
圣芒戈斯希望为每个人提供个人支持，并创建了四个步骤来实现永久性住所的目标。该慈善机构会给每人3500英镑，但同时也会将资金分解为更小的目标。爱丽丝利用区块链智能合约提高透明度和可靠性。(无家可归者)即使接受了捐赠也会被“冻结”，直到慈善机构证明他们已经实现了社会目标。通过这种方式，捐赠可以确保产生影响，否则捐赠者将收回他们的钱。
例如，
圣芒戈斯设定的第一个目标是将个人安置在临时住所，每人需要200英镑。爱丽丝平台会从捐赠者那里筹集200英镑，但只有在独立的“验证者”核实此人已被安置在临时住所后，爱丽丝平台才会向慈善机构发放200英镑。
第二个目标是帮助某人在临时住所居住3个月。捐款金额为每人750英镑，但只有在验证者核实此人在临时住所住了三个月的情况下，才会支付给慈善机构。后续目标的结构类似。据该网站称，该试点项目迄今已资助了15人中的3人，其目标是使爱丽丝平台被不同的慈善机构用于鼓励透明的捐赠，并降低管理和交易成本。
案例研究3 公益项目Amply——学校补贴，南非
该项目是利用区块链技术建立基于成果的融资平台的另一个案例。此平台帮助学校教师以数字化方式获取政府补贴所需的学校出勤记录。
在南非，600万6岁以下的儿童中约有三分之二生活贫困，许多儿童缺乏适当的身份证明。这使得他们实际上无法被政府和社会服务(如对儿童早期发展学校的补贴)识别。
此外，为了获得地方政府的补贴，这些学校必须通过季度报告申请补贴，其中包括大量的文书工作、官僚程序和容易出错的提交流程。
“有时我们大老远跑到部门，只是发现了表格上的错误并要求我们重新做季度报告。有时文书工作在部门丢失了，就需要我们重新提交”。
Amply手机应用的第一个版本可以让学校自动收集考勤数据，并将其提交给社会发展部门。每天早上，老师或校长都会在应用程序中记录每个孩子的出勤情况。该App的基础是区块链基础设施和智能合约，基于此，第三方评估者可以验证服务提供商的出勤情况。
自2016年11月试点以来，该项目已记录了87个中心和122个服务提供商的3，327名儿童的81，168次出勤记录。Amply的报告中称，它每月为教师节省了4000多个小时。
Amply背后的区块链架构有助于保存一份不可更改的学校出勤记录，该记录可以使政府实现自动付款。收集到的数据还将有助于建立儿童在学校间流动的身份记录，并有助于社会发展部门提供其他服务。
在充分试点的基础上，Trustlab建立了ixo基金会，以进一步开发开源协议。该基金会与包括奇点大学(Singularity University)的SU Ventures、Gold Standard、微软研究院等主要机构合作，开发这些协议的应用程序，使项目能够经济有效地收集、核实和共享影响力数据。
2018年12月8日，基金会挖掘出ixo公共区块链的第一块，并计划使用影响力代币(impact tokens)创建一个全球生态系统来资助、交付和评估项目。
© Perry Grone on Unsplash
案例研究4 非营利比特币创新企业BitGive基金会——钱德洛小学供水项目，肯尼亚
2013年以来，BitGive一直在接受比特币用于慈善项目众筹。他们与菲律宾和西非的救助儿童会、肯尼亚的供水项目以及尼泊尔的移动医疗队合作，共同筹集比特币。捐赠者可以将比特币直接捐赠给BitGive，或者捐给捐赠平台GiveTrack上的特定项目。
成功的项目包括肯尼亚的钱德洛小学供水项目，该项目在2018年1月筹集了1.2比特币(约合1万5千美元)用于建造雨水蓄水池、厕所和培训设施。BitGive报告称，不到1%的捐款用于项目费用。
在最近的一个播客中，BitGive的创始人康妮·加里皮(Connie Gallippi)谈到了她在非营利组织的经历，以及激励她创办BitGive的动机。她看到整个非营利部门都受到媒体负面头条的影响，尽管大多数人和组织都做得很好。
加里皮女士说，BitGive的目标是通过利用比特币和区块链技术来支持现有组织，使它们更有效率，并开发负责任的工具。使用比特币，慈善机构可以绕过银行和政府，使交易更快、更便宜、更安全。比特币公链的透明性使捐赠者、非营利组织和公众能够实时看到钱的去向和使用情况。
BitGive使用照片、视频和其他数据定期向捐赠者通报项目的影响和进展，而不是依赖传统的年度报告。
加里皮承认，只有当慈善机构用比特币形式持有资金时，透明度才会得到保障。一旦捐款被转换成当地货币或支付给服务提供商，它们就不再在比特币区块链上被报告。
然而，尽管没有解决这个“最后一英里”的问题，她坚持认为节省费用和更快的交易速度是非常重要的。她还认为，实时看到资金流动的好处是革命性的。
BitGive目前最大的问题是发展中国家缺乏比特币生态系统。因此，他们只在有可能使用和转换比特币的国家/地区开展项目。BitGive目前正在测试下一版的GiveTrack捐赠平台。
新版本将与金融服务在线平台Uphold合作，允许用户接收、持有、兑换和转账30多种不同的加密货币和传统货币。他们希望这将提高慈善机构接收和支付当地款项的能力。在过去，BitGive只与选定的慈善机构合作，而没有能力与其他慈善机构合作。他们希望更新后的GiveTrack平台能帮助他们未来与更多的慈善机构合作。
案例研究5 AIDChain平台——AidPay和AidCoin加密货币
AIDChain是一个捐赠平台，慈善机构可以使用它来推广项目，收集和管理捐款。目前，包括世界自然基金会(WWF)意大利分部、日本救济会(Japan Relief)、Cool地球(Cool Earth)和爱丽丝儿童基金会(Alice for Children)在内的各种慈善机构都在使用它。
AIDChain正在开发多个基于区块链的解决方案，使捐款在慈善领域实现可追踪和高效。
AidPay是AIDChain的一个支付网关，它允许慈善网站接受23种不同加密货币的捐款，其方式类似于他们目前使用信用卡和PayPal接受捐款的方式。
AIDChain也发行了自己的加密货币通证AidCoin。它可以像任何加密货币一样在某些加密货币交易所买卖，但它的价值来自于推动AIDPay和AIDChain的生态系统。
所有通过AIDPay的捐赠都被转换成AidCoin，这样慈善机构和捐赠者就可以使用单一加密货币来跟踪和管理捐赠。AIDChain鼓励慈善机构向服务提供商支付AidCoin，以提高捐款的可追踪性。一旦服务提供商用AidCoin付款，他们就可以通过货币兑换将AidCoin兑换成当地货币。
AIDChain平台和AidCoin通证是由瑞士慈善筹款公司(在线慈善拍卖平台)CharityStars构思和开发的，该公司为慈善机构的名人拍卖提供便利。自成立以来，CharityStars由25名专业人员组成的团队与包括联合国儿童基金会、救助儿童会和世界自然基金会在内的500多家慈善机构合作，筹集了1000多万美元。
CharityStars旨在通过其拍卖平台和慈善机构、捐赠者和活动的生态系统促进AidCoin的使用。CharityStars目前允许捐赠者通过其网站用AidCoin、比特币和以太币支付。
据AidCoin的报告称，其首个完全基于区块链的慈善活动是由AidCoin和CharityStars组织的，支持为贫民窟儿童提供教育的肯尼亚慈善机构爱丽丝儿童基金会(Alice for Children)。
CharityStars发起了一场慈善拍卖，筹集了15,000英镑，并将这笔钱兑换成AidCoin (315,000 AID)后再通过AIDChain将其捐赠给爱丽丝儿童基金会的项目。
筹款活动的主要目标是为内罗毕一所培养孩子成为厨师的意大利食品学院购买一台发电机。AIDChain让公众能够看到(捐款的去向)，在捐赠的315，000 AidCoin中，252,000 AID支付给了当地的动力引擎供应商，63,000 AIDchain支付了20%的筹款平台费。
AIDChain希望聚集捐赠者、慈善机构和服务提供商，创建一个完全透明的全球统一平台。他们的目标是让AidCoin成为首选的捐赠方式，并使公众融入AIDChain平台提供的服务生态系统。通过将资金存入AidCoin，而不是立即将捐款转换为当地货币，参与者将能够跟踪捐款和慈善支出直到“最后一英里”。也就是说，慈善机构将完全透明地使用他们的资金，直至支付给服务提供者、供应商和其他接受者。
但是，仅仅通过这个平台使用AidCoin也有其缺点。首先，向爱丽丝儿童基金会出售发电机的发电机供应商获得了AidCoin付款，预计收到的AidCoin将使用合作伙伴Bitfinex交易所兑换成当地货币。
值得注意的是，Bitfinex只将AidCoin交换为比特币或以太币，供应商将需要使用另一个交换或支付平台来将比特币/以太币交换为肯尼亚先令。这凸显了为发展援助开发新的加密货币的一些缺点。
在AidCoin得到广泛使用之前，用户要承担价格波动和将AidCoin兑换成当地货币的成本风险。市场的潜在参与者需要接受有关加密货币、钱包和交易所等复杂概念的教育。
为了克服这一障碍，AidCoin前往肯尼亚帮助爱丽丝儿童基金会了解加密货币，寻找愿意接受AidCoin支付的供应商，并指导他们完成这一过程。然而，除非更大的组织采用AIDChain平台和AidPay，否则这将很难在更多项目中推广。
目前还不清楚AIDChain平台是如何防止慈善机构创建虚假供应商的，因为在支付流程之外似乎没有任何验证过程。尽管如此，该项目仍处于早期阶段，AIDChain和AidCoin都有雄心勃勃的目标。
ixo基金会等其他组织也计划发行通证来推动社会影响力数据和经济发展。ixo区块链整合了确认社会影响力数据和结果的融资、服务提供商和数据评估者。
代币模式能否成功将取决于许多因素，比如这些组织是否能够为代币创造价值，并为所有利益相关者(捐赠者、慈善机构、供应商和其他利益相关者)的积极市场参与创造激励机制。如果他们真的成功了，这可能将为社会影响力部门带来前所未有的效率和透明度。
声明：本文并非对任何区块链技术、加密货币或特定提供商、服务或产品的投资建议或背书。区块链技术是一种不断变化的早期技术，有很多未知因素。加密货币具有投机性、复杂性，涉及重大风险——它们高度波动，对许多因素非常敏感。在依赖这些信息之前，考虑您的自身情况，并获得您自己的建议。在做出任何决定之前，您还应该核实所有产品或服务的性质。
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Charitable Giving — Blockchain Case Studies
Medium
Feb 4, 2019
Here are more details on the case studies discussed in our “Blockchain Applications: Charitable Giving” article.
Case Study #1: World Food Program — Syrian Refugees, Jordan
The World Food Program (WFP) is increasingly delivering assistance in the form of cash transfers, and has been trialling blockchain as a means of making these transfers more efficient, transparent and secure.¹² In January 2017, WFP initiated a ‘proof of concept’ to confirm basic assumptions around the capabilities of blockchain in authenticating and registering transactions in Sindh province, Pakistan. Taking lessons learned, WFP built and implemented a more robust blockchain system in refugee camps in Jordan.¹³ As of October 2018, more than 100,000 people residing in camps redeem their cash-for-food assistance through the blockchain-based, Building Blocks, system.
For refugees living in camps, Building Blocks is integrated with UNHCR’s biometric authentication technology that allows refugees to identify themselves at the local supermarkets using cameras placed at the cash register.Once identified on the UN database, a query is sent to the family account kept on the WFP blockchain, and the bill is settled. The Building Blocks program did not affect how refugees and retailers operated and interacted, as it mainly replaced the functions of financial services companies that processed funds. The WFP blockchain has a full, in-house record of every transaction that occurs at that retailer, ensuring greater transparency and security over transfers. It also provides greater privacy for the Syrian refugees, as identification and other personal data is no longer shared with financial service companies. The processing and settlement of transactions without an intermediary has made transactions quicker and cheaper. Bank and other fees previously paid by WFP have been reduced by 98%.¹⁴
The Building Blocks program also helps people without government identify documents or a bank account develop a financial and legal history that, in the future, can be used to get a job, permanent home and other necessities. The program has been so successful that WFP hopes the program will cover all 500,000 Syrian refugees in Jordon by the end of 2018.¹⁵
As a final note, Robert Opp, Director of Innovation and Change Management at the WFP, admits that a similar outcome could have been achieved using a shared and distributed database rather than a blockchain system. However, the goal is to expand the program to include other programs and aid agencies. At that point, blockchain features of transparency, security, and privacy will be critical to improving value from data and efficiencies across all aid agencies.¹⁶
©Matt Collamer on Unsplash
Case Study #2: Alice Funding Platform — St Mungo’s, United Kingdom
Alice is a social funding platform that uses results-based financing to incentivise charities by only paying them when specific goals are achieved.¹⁷ The performance of each project is publicly available, making it easier for donors to identify and help scale social projects that actually work. Sharing impact data on the platform is expected to significantly reduce due diligence and reporting costs, and help social organisations collaborate more effectively.
The first live project on the Alice funding platform is a pilot run by a UK homelessness charity, St Mungo’s, to help 15 people sleeping rough in London rebuild their lives. In this pilot, the Alice community is effectively crowdfunding a project to support 15 men and women who have been living on the streets for a long time. St Mungo’s is looking to provide personal support to each person and create four steps to achieve the goal of permanent housing. The charity is asking for £3,500 for each person but breaks up funding into smaller goals. Alice leverages blockchain smart contracts to increase transparency and accountability. Donations are accepted but ‘frozen’ until the charity proves they have achieved the social goals. In this way, donations are guaranteed to make an impact or donors will be able to get their money back.
For example, the first goal set by St. Mungos is to place individuals in temporary homes for which £200 is needed per individual. The Alice platform is used to raise £200 from donors but only after an independent ‘validator’ verifies that the person has been placed in temporary housing will the Alice platform release the £200 to the charity. The second goal is to help someone stay in a temporary home for 3 months. The donation is £750 per person but it will only be paid to the charity if the validator verifies the person stayed in temporary housing for three months. Subsequent goals are similarly structured. According to the website, the appeal has funded 3 out of 15 people to date.The objective is that the Alice platform can be used by different charities to encourage transparent donations, and reduce administration and transaction costs.
Case Study #3: Amply — School Subsidies, South Africa
The Amply project is another example of a results-based financing platform built with blockchain technology. The Amply platform helps school teachers to digitally capture the school attendance records required to get subsidies from the government.¹⁸
In South Africa, approximately two-thirds of the 6 million children under the age of 6 live in poverty, many lacking a form of proper identification. This makes them practically invisible to the government and social services such as subsidies to attend early childhood development schools. Moreover, in order to receive subsidies from the local government, these schools have to apply for subsidy payments through quarterly reports that include a daunting amount of paperwork, bureaucracy and a submission process prone to errors.
“Sometimes we travel all the way to the department just to find an error on the form requires us to re-do the quarterly report. Sometimes the paperwork gets lost at the department and we need to re-submit”.¹⁹
The first iteration of the Amply mobile app enables schools to automatically gather their attendance data and submit it to the Department of Social Development. Every morning, a teacher or principal logs each child’s attendance in the app. Underlying the app is blockchain infrastructure and smart contracts, through which a third-party evaluator can verify the claim of attendances made by the service provider. Since the pilot began in November 2016, the project has recorded 81,168 attendances for 3,327 children across 87 Centres and 122 service providers.²⁰ Amply reports that it has saved teachers over 4,000 hours every month.²¹
The blockchain framework behind Amply helps keep an immutable record of school attendance that can automate payments by the government. The data collected is also expected to help develop an identity record for children as they move from school to school and for the Department of Social Development to help provide other services.
Based on the Amply Pilot, Trustlab established the ixo Foundation to to further develop the open-source protocol. The foundation has partnered with major organisations including Singularity University’s SU Ventures, Gold Standard, Microsoft Research and others to build applications of these protocols that will enable projects to cost-effectively collect, factually verify and share impact data.²² On 8 December 2018, the foundation mined the first block of the ixo public blockchain and plans to use impact tokens to create a global ecosystem to fund, deliver and evaluate projects.²³ ²⁴
© Perry Grone on Unsplash
Case Study #4: BitGive — Chandolo Primary School Water Project, Kenya
BitGive has been accepting bitcoin for crowdfunding charitable projects since 2013.²⁵ They have partnered with Save the Children in the Philippines and West Africa, The Water Project in Kenya, and Medic Mobile in Nepal to raise bitcoin. Donors can donate bitcoin directly to BitGive or to specific projects on their donation platform, GiveTrack. Successful projects include the Chandolo Primary School Water Project in Kenya that raised BTC 1.2 (approx. US$15,000) in January 2018 to build a rainwater catchment tank, latrines and training.²⁶ BitGive report that less than 1% of donations is spent on fees.
In a recent podcast, the founder of BitGive, Connie Gallippi, talked asked about her experience in non-profits and how that motivated her to start BitGive.²⁷ She had seen the entire non-profit sector affected by negative media headlines even though most people and organisations were doing good work. Ms Gallippi said the goal of BitGive was to support existing organisations by leveraging bitcoin and blockchain technology to make them more efficient and effective, and to create tools for accountability. Using bitcoin, has allowed charities to bypass banks and governments, and make transactions faster, cheaper and more secure. The transparency of the bitcoin’s public blockchain has allowed donors, non-profits and the public to see what happened to the money and how it was used in real time. BitGive uses photos, video and other data to regularly update donors on the impact and progress of projects rather than rely on traditional annual reports.
Ms. Gallippi acknowledged that transparency is only maintained as long as charities hold their funds in bitcoin. Once donations are transferred into local currency or paid to a service provider, they are no longer reported on the bitcoin blockchain. However, despite not solving this ‘last mile’ problem, she maintains that the savings in fees and faster transactions have been significant. She also believes that the benefits of seeing money move in real-time has been revolutionary.
BitGive’s biggest problem to date has been the lack of bitcoin ecosystems in developing countries. For that reason, they have only run projects in countries where it is possible to use and convert bitcoin. BitGive is currently testing the next version of the GiveTrack donation platform.²⁸ The new version integrates with Uphold, a financial services online platform, to allow users to receive, hold, convert and transfer over 30 different cryptocurrencies and traditional currencies. They are hoping that this will improve the ability for charities to receive and make local payments. In the past, BitGive has only been working with selected charities and did not have the capability to work with additional charities. They are hoping that the updated GiveTrack platform will help them increase the number of charities they can work with in the future.
Case Study #5: AIDChain — AidPay and AidCoin Cryptocurrency
AIDChain is a giving platform that charities can use to promote projects, collect and manage donations. It is currently being used by various charities including World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Italy, Japan Relief, Cool Earth and Alice for Children. AIDChain is developing multiple blockchain-based solutions to make donations trackable and efficient in the charity space.
AidPay is AIDChain’s a payment gateway that allows charity websites to accept donations in 23 different cryptocurrencies in a similar way to how they currently accept donations using credit cards and PayPal.²⁹ AIDChain has also issued its own cryptocurrency token called AidCoin.³⁰ It can be bought and sold on certain cryptocurrency exchanges like any cryptocurrency, however, its value is derived from driving AIDPay and the AIDChain ecosystem.³¹ All donations that go through AIDPay are converted to AidCoin which then allows charities and donors to track and manage donations using a single cryptocurrency.³² AIDChain incentivises charities to pay service providers in AidCoin in order to enhance donations trackability.³³ Once a service provider has been paid in AidCoin, they can exchange AidCoin to local currencies via a currency exchange.
The AIDChain platform and AidCoin token are conceived and developed by CharityStars, a Swiss charity fundraising company that facilitates celebrity auctions for charities. Since its inception, CharityStars’ team of 25 professionals has worked with 500+ charities including UNICEF, Save the Children and WWF to raise over US$10 million. CharityStars aims to promote the use of AidCoin through its auction platform and ecosystem of charities, donors and events.³⁴CharityStars currently allows donors to pay in AidCoin, bitcoin and ether via its website.
AidCoin reported that its first-ever entirely blockchain-based charitable campaign was arranged by AidCoin and CharityStars in support of Alice for Children, a Kenyan charity for educating kids living in slums.³⁵ CharityStars launched a charitable auction to raise €15,000 which they converted to AidCoin (315,000 AID) and donated it via AIDChain to the Alice for Children’s project.The main goal of the fundraising campaign was to buy a power generator for the Italian Food Academy in Nairobi where kids can train to be chefs. AIDChain allows the public to see that of the 315,000 AidCoin donated, 252,000 AID were paid to the local power engine vendor, and 63,000 was paid to AIDChain as a 20% fundraising platform fee.³⁶
AIDChain wants to gather donors, charities and service providers to create a single, global platform for full transparency. Their goal is for AidCoin to become the preferred method to donate and access the ecosystem of services provided by the AIDChain platform. By keeping funds in AidCoin, rather than immediately converting donations to local currency, participants will be able to track donations and charity spending through to the ‘last mile’. That is, there will be full transparency over how charities spend their funds all the way to payments made to service providers, vendors and other recipients.
However, solely using AidCoin through this platform has its drawbacks. Firstly, the generator vendor that sold the generator to Alice for Children was paid in AidCoin, and it was expected that the received AidCoin would be cashed out for local currency using the partner exchange, Bitfinex. It is worth noting that Bitfinex only exchanges AidCoin for bitcoin or ether and that the vendor would need to use another exchange or payments platform to exchange the bitcoin/ether to Kenyan Shillings. This highlights some of the shortcomings of developing new cryptocurrencies for developmental aid. Until AidCoin becomes widely used, users take on the risks of price fluctuations and costs of trying to exchange AidCoin into local currency. Potential participants in the market will need to be educated about complex concepts like cryptocurrency, wallets and exchanges. To combat this barrier, AidCoin went to Kenya to help Alice for Children learn about cryptocurrencies, find vendors who would accept AidCoin payments, and walk them through the process. However, this will be difficult to scale across many projects unless larger organisations adopt and use the AIDChain platform and AidPay. It is also not clear how the AIDChain platform prevents charities from creating fraudulent vendors or causes, as there does not appear to be any verification processes outside of the payment process. Nevertheless, the project is still in its early stages and AIDChain and AidCoin have ambitious goals.
Other organisations like the ixo Foundation are also planning to issue tokens to drive social impact data and economies.³⁷The ixo blockchain integrates financing, service providers and data evaluators who confirm social impact data and outcomes. Whether token models succeed will depend on many factors, like whether or not these organisations can create value for the tokens and create incentives for active market participation by all the stakeholders (donors, charities, vendors and other stakeholders). If they do succeed, it could result in never before seen efficiencies and transparency for the social impact sector.
Disclaimer: This is not investment advice or endorsement of any blockchain technology, cryptocurrency or specific provider, service or offering. Blockchain technology is an early stage technology that is constantly changing and has many unknowns. Cryptocurrencies are speculative, complex and involve significant risks — they are highly volatile and sensitive to many factors. Consider your own circumstances, and obtain your own advice, before relying on this information. You should also verify the nature of any product or service before making any decisions.
Written by Dr. Denise Tambanis for the Blockchain Philanthropy Foundation, supporting global charities and accelerating humanitarian initiatives through blockchain technology. For comments and questions regarding this article, please contact the author.
注释：
[12] https://innovation.wfp.org/project/building-blockshttp://unconfirmed.libsyn.com/the-un-world-food-programmes-blockchain-based-food-vouchers-for-syrian-refugees-with-robert-opp-ep017
[13] In the early test of the Building Blocks in Pakistan, the transactions were slow and the fees were too high. WFP decided one of the problems was that the system was built on the public Ethereum blockchain. The current version of Building Blocks runs on a “permissioned,” or private, version of Ethereum. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610806/inside-the-jordan-refugee-camp-that-runs-on-blockchain/
[14] Cost savings from reduced bank fees amount to approximately US$40,000 per month.
http://unconfirmed.libsyn.com/the-un-world-food-programmes-blockchain-based-food-vouchers-for-syrian-refugees-with-robert-opp-ep017
[15] https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610806/inside-the-jordan-refugee-camp-that-runs-on-blockchain/
[16] http://unconfirmed.libsyn.com/the-un-world-food-programmes-blockchain-based-food-vouchers-for-syrian-refugees-with-robert-opp-ep017
[17] http://www.alice.si
https://www.charitydigitalnews.co.uk/2017/05/16/blockchain-startup-launches-donation-tracking-transparency/
[18] http://www.amply.tech,http://unicefstories.org/2018/04/11/unicef-innovation-fund-graduate-trustlab/
[19] http://www.amply.tech/field-testing-the-amply-dapp/
[20] http://www.amply.tech
[21] https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/ixo-foundation-blockchain-based-response-un-call-data-revolution/
[22] https://ixo.world/ecosystem
[23] https://medium.com/ixo-blog/the-ixo-blockchain-is-live-welcome-to-a-new-world-of-impact-3a9811dd2e39
[24] https://ixo.foundation,https://ixo.foundation/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ixo-Technical-White-Paper-w-Cover-Version-3.0-8-December-2017-1.pdf
[25] https://www.bitgivefoundation.org/past-projects/http://unchainedpodcast.co/how-donating-crypto-can-help-you-save-on-taxes-ep94
[26] https://thewaterproject.org/community/projects/kenya/rainwater-harvesting-wash-project-4833https://www.givetrack.org/view/13/chandolo-primary-school-water-project/updates
[27] http://unchainedpodcast.co/how-donating-crypto-can-help-you-save-on-taxes-ep94
[28] https://d1i1964a5wuyjt.cloudfront.net/2018/11/BitGive-FAQ-11.18.pdf
[29] At present, AidPay is only available on AIDChain and CharityStars but is expected to be available for all charities when testing is completed. https://www.aidchain.co, https://www.aidcoin.co
[30] AidCoin raised approximately US$15 million when it issued coins in January 2018 as part of an initial coin offering (ICO). https://www.coingecko.com/en/ico/aidcoin, https://www.aidcoin.co/assets/documents/whitepaper.pdf?v=3.30,https://medium.com/aidcoin/aidcoin-ico-closes-in-record-time-what-to-do-now-and-next-steps-986ab89695bd
[31] As of 13 November 2018, 99% of exchange transactions are for AidCoin against Bitcoin. https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/aidcoin/trading_exchanges
[32] AidCoin is held in a software program otherwise known as a ‘wallet’ that lets holders manage their cryptocurrency holdings. The wallet stores information about your cryptocurrency holdings and lets you send and receive cryptocurrencies. The AidCoin wallet is also used to track and manage donations.
[33] When the WWF came on board in August 2018, it committed to spend the funds raised in cryptocurrencies without converting to fiat. https://www.charitydigitalnews.co.uk/2018/08/23/wwfi-opens-to-blockchain-based-aidcoin-donations/https://irishtechnews.ie/wwf-now-accepting-donations-on-the-blockchain-thanks-to-aidcoin-welcoming-the-new-era-of-transparent-giving/
[34] https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/charitystars-announces-4m-usd-presale-raise-for-aidcoin-to-increase-donation-transparency-660298453.html,https://www.aidcoin.co/assets/documents/whitepaper.pdf
[35] https://medium.com/aidcoin/aidcoin-to-showcase-the-first-ever-entirely-blockchain-based-charitable-campaign-in-africa-2e4af8c80419
[36] AidCoin’s medium post shows the fee was paid to CharityStars whereas the AIDChain page shows the fee was paid to AIDChain. It is not clear whether this fee was paid to AIDChain or CharityStars, who usually charges 15% to promote and operate each charity auction. https://www.aidchain.co/project/a-power-generator-for-a-school-in-nairobihttps://medium.com/aidcoin/aidcoin-to-showcase-the-first-ever-entirely-blockchain-based-charitable-campaign-in-africa-2e4af8c80419
[37] https://ixo.foundationAnother organisation, Giftcoin is a blockchain funding platform that attempted to raise funds and issue tokens in April 2018. While they appear to still be operating, they have not reported any substantial updates since they postponed the token sale due to US regulatory concerns and lack of confidence in the market. https://www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/crypto-donation-platform-postpones-token-sale-and-returns-funds-to-investors.htmlbl
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